Exam 1/ch.4

Question 1

organization level of body

Answer 1

atom/molecule –> cells –> tissue –> organ –> organ system

Question 2

digestive system function

Answer 2

digests food, absorbs nutrients, and excretes waste (controlled by hormones)

Question 3

mouth and salivary glands

Answer 3

prepares food for swallowing, starts digestion of starch with amylase enzyme, start digestion of fat with lingual lipase

Question 4

esophagus

Answer 4

moves food to stomach by peristaltic waves initiated by swallowing

Question 5

stomach

Answer 5

secretes gastric juice (acid, enzymes, and hormones) and mixes with food (turns to chyme) to start digestion of protein and fat, kills microoganisms with acid, releases chyme to small intestine

Question 6

liver

Answer 6

produces bile to aid in fat digestion

Question 7

gallbladder

Answer 7

stores and concentrates bile (releases to small intestine)

Question 8

pancreas

Answer 8

secretes pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes (releases to small intestine)

Question 9

small intestine

Answer 9

mixes chyme with bile and pancreatic juice to complete digestion, secretes hormones that help regulate digestive processes, secretes digestive enzymes, absorbs nutrients and other compounds in foods

Question 10

large intestine

Answer 10

absorbs water and electrolytes, forms/stores feces, houses gut microbiota

Question 11

rectum

Answer 11

holds/expels feces

Question 12

digestive enzymes

Answer 12

amylases, lipases, and proteases (break down macronutrients into forms small enough for absorption)

Question 13

swallowing/epiglottis

Answer 13

prevents food from entering the trachea by closing over the larynx as food is being swallowed. once the food is swallowed the esophagus relaxes and opens

Question 14

probiotics

Answer 14

live organisms that colonize the large intestine and help achieve a healthy balance of intestinal bacteria (found in yogurt, kefir, and miso)

Question 15

heartburn/GERD

Answer 15

occurs when stomach acid backflows into the esophagus which can signal GERD (symptoms: heartburn, trouble swallowing, gagging, nausea) (complications: weight loss, ulceration, anemia)

Question 16

ulcers

Answer 16

small erosions of the top layer of cells in the stomach and is mainly caused by infection with heliobacter pylori or heavy use of NSAIDs (symptoms: burning pain in stomach region, nausea/vomiting)

Question 17

celiac disease

Answer 17

intolerance/immune reaction to eating gluten (found in wheat, rye, barley) (symptoms include intestinal gas, bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhea) go gluten free