[Exam 1] Chapter 11 - Maternal Adaptation During Pregnancy Flashcards
(172 cards)
1
Q
S&S of Pregnancy: S&S have been grouped into what categories?
A
Presumptive, probable, and positive
2
Q
S&S of Pregnancy - Subjective (Presumptive) Signs: What are these?
A
Signs that the mother can perceive. Most obvious sign is absence of menstruation
3
Q
S&S of Pregnancy - Subjective (Presumptive) Signs: What signs are accompanied with skipping a period?
A
Amenorrhea, Consistent nausea, fatigue, breast tenderness, urinary frequency,
4
Q
S&S of Pregnancy - Objective (Probably) Signs & Physical Signs: What are probable signs?
A
Probable signs of pregnancy are those that can be detected on physical examination
5
Q
S&S of Pregnancy - Objective (Probably) Signs & Physical Signs: What probable signs of pregnancy are there?
A
Hegars Sign
Goodell’s Sign
Chadwicks Sign
Changes in Uterus, abdominal enlargement
Braxton Hicks contractions
Ballottement
6
Q
S&S of Pregnancy - Objective (Probably) Signs & Physical Signs: What is Hegar’s Sign?
A
Softening of the lower uterine segement or isthmus
7
Q
S&S of Pregnancy - Objective (Probably) Signs & Physical Signs: What is Goodell’s Sign?
A
Softening of the cervix
8
Q
S&S of Pregnancy - Objective (Probably) Signs & Physical Signs: What is Chadwicks sign?
A
Blueish-purple coloration of the vaginal mucosa and cervix
9
Q
S&S of Pregnancy - Objective (Probably) Signs & Physical Signs: What is Ballotement?
A
Examiner pushes against the womans cervix during a pelvic exaination and feels a rebound from the floating fetus
10
Q
S&S of Pregnancy - Objective (Probably) Signs & Pregnancy Tests: When is Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) detectable in pregnancy test?
A
Detectabble in the serum of approximately 5% of clients 8 days after conception.
11
Q
S&S of Pregnancy - Objective (Probably) Signs & Pregnancy Tests: What is an Agglutination Inhibition Tests?
A
Urine Specimen
If hCG present in urine, agglutination does not occur which is positive for pregnancy. 95% accurate in diagnosing
12
Q
S&S of Pregnancy - Objective (Probably) Signs & Pregnancy Tests: What is Immunoradiometric Assay?
A
Blood Serum
Measures abulity of blodo sample to inhibit the binding of radiolabeled hCG to receptors. 99% accurate after 6-8 days
13
Q
S&S of Pregnancy - Objective (Probably) Signs & Pregnancy Tests: What is Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)?
A
Blood serum or urine
Uses an enzyme to bond with hCG in the urine if present. Reliable 4 days after implantation
14
Q
S&S of Pregnancy - Objective (Probably) Signs & Pregnancy Tests: What is hCG?
A
Glycoprotein and earliest biochemical marker for pregnancy.
Double every 48-72 hours until they peak 60-70 days after fertilization
15
Q
S&S of Pregnancy - Objective (Probably) Signs & Pregnancy Tests: What are low hCG levels associated with?
A
Ectopic pregnancy
16
Q
S&S of Pregnancy - Objective (Probably) Signs & Pregnancy Tests: What are higher than normal hCG levels associated with?
A
Molar pregnancy or multiple-gestational pregnancies
17
Q
S&S of Pregnancy - Objective (Probably) Signs & Pregnancy Tests: How does hCG correspond with morning sickness?
A
Elevation in hCG corresponds to morning sicknes 6-12 weeks during early pregnancy
18
Q
S&S of Pregnancy - Positive Signs: Positive signs of pregnancy confirm what?
A
Can be directly attributed to the fetus
19
Q
S&S of Pregnancy - Positive Signs: How can a pregnancy be made certain?
A
Visualizing the fetus by ultrasound, palpating for fetal movements , and hearing a fetal heartbeat
20
Q
Reproductive System Adaptations - Uterus: What stimules uterine growth?
A
Eestrogen
21
Q
Reproductive System Adaptations - Uterus: Weight change of this?
A
70 g to 1100-1200 g
22
Q
Reproductive System Adaptations - Uterus: Capacity change here?
A
10 mL to 5000 mL or more
23
Q
Reproductive System Adaptations - Uterus: In early pregnancy, uterine growth is due to what?
A
Hyperplaia of uterine smooth muscle cells within the myometrium
24
Q
Reproductive System Adaptations - Uterus: Major component of myometrial growth occurs after what?
A
gestation, due to smooth muscle cell hypertrophy caused by mechanial stretch of uterine tissue
25
Reproductive System Adaptations - Uterus: What changes occur in main uterine artery?
Doubles. Enlargement enhances the capacity of the uteroplacental vessels to accommodate the increased blood volume
26
Reproductive System Adaptations - Uterus: Braxton Hicks contractions occur. What are they?
Spontaneous, irregular, and painless contractions begin in first trimester. Become most noticeable during last month where they function to though out cervix before birth
27
Reproductive System Adaptations - Uterus: What happens to the lower portion of the uterus?
Does not undergo hypertrophy. Becomes thinenr as pregnancy progresses. Changes occur within the first 6-8 weeks, producing Hegars sign.
28
Reproductive System Adaptations - Uterus: What happens to the uterus because of Hegar Signs?
Softening and compressiblity of the lower urine segment results in exaggerated uterine anteflexion which adds to urinary frequency
29
Reproductive System Adaptations - Uterus: Where does the uterus remain for the first 3 months, and where does it move to?
Remains in pelvic cavity first, and then moves toward abdomen
30
Reproductive System Adaptations - Uterus: What does the uterus do to the inferior vena cava?
Falls against it, resulting in compression. Reduces venous return and decreases cardiac output and blood pressure. Occurs when women changes position from sitting to standing . Known as hypotensive syndrome
31
Reproductive System Adaptations - Uterus: Signs of hypotensive crisis?
Symptoms of weakness, light-headedness, nausea, dizziness, or syncope
32
Reproductive System Adaptations - Uterus: What do symptoms of hypotensive crisis change?
When women is in teh side-lying position, which displaces uterus to the left nd off the vena cava
33
Reproductive System Adaptations - Uterus: By 20 weeks, were is the fundus (top of uterus) located?
At the level of the umbilicus
34
Reproductive System Adaptations - Uterus: Fundus reaches high level when?
At 36 weeks
35
Reproductive System Adaptations - Uterus: What happens between weeks 38-40?
Fundal height drops at the fetus and begins to descent and engage into the pelvis. By 40 weeks, fetal head descents and engages in the pelvis which is termed lightening
36
Reproductive System Adaptations - Cervix: BEtween weeks 6-8 , what happens to cervix?
Goodells Sign (Cervixx softens) due to vasocongestion and influence of estrogen.
37
Reproductive System Adaptations - Cervix: Changes to endocervical gland?
Increase in size and number and produce more cervical mucus
38
Reproductive System Adaptations - Cervix: What happens because of influence of progesterone?
Thick mucus plug is formed that blocks the cervical os and protects the opening from bacterial invasion
39
Reproductive System Adaptations - Cervix: Chadwicks sign occurs here. What is this?
A cyanosis or blueish purple discoloration cervical ripening (softening, effacement, and icnreased distensibility) begins 4 weeks before birth
40
Reproductive System Adaptations - Cervix: The cervix preparing for labor results in changes in elasticity and strength. What hormones cause this?
Oxytocin, RElaxin, NitricOxide, and Prostaglandins
41
Reproductive System Adaptations - Vagina: What happens due to vascularity increasing?
Increases because of Estrogen. Results in pelvic congestion adn hypertrophy of vagina in preparation for the distention needed for birth
42
Reproductive System Adaptations - Vagina: What happens to vaginal mucos, connective tissue, and smooth muscle?
Vaginal mucosa thickens
CT begins to loosen
smooth muscle begins to hypertrophy
43
Reproductive System Adaptations - Vagina: What happens to vaginal secretions?
Become more acidic, white, and thick
Increases during pregnancy, called leukorrhea.
44
Reproductive System Adaptations - Vagina: What may happen if women reports increase of white discahrge, along with itching and irritation?
Candida albicans, a monilial vaginitis, which occurs in glycogen-rich environment , which can be passed to child
45
Reproductive System Adaptations - Vagina: How can candida alvicans be presented on child, and be treated?
White patches on the mucous membranes of their mouths and treated with local antifungal agents
46
Reproductive System Adaptations - Ovaries: Increased blood supply causes then to enlarge until when?
12-14 week
47
Reproductive System Adaptations - Ovaries: Why does ovulation cease during pregnancy?
Because of elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone, whichi block FSH and LH from anterior pituitary
48
Reproductive System Adaptations - Ovaries: Ovaries active in hormone production until 6-7 weeks, when what happens?
Corpus luteum mregresses and placenta takes over major production of progesterone
49
Reproductive System Adaptations - Breasts: What hormones cause them to grow?
Estrogen and progesterone
50
Reproductive System Adaptations - Breasts: What visual changes occur?
Become highly vascular and veins become visible. Nipples become larger and erect. Nipple and areola become deeply pigmented. Tubercles of Montogemery ecome prominent (keep nipples lubricated)
51
Reproductive System Adaptations - Breasts: What do changes in connective tissue of breasts lead to?
Striae (stretch marks) in half of women.
52
Reproductive System Adaptations - Breasts: What is colostrum?
Creamy, yellowish breast fluid that can be expressed by third trimester. Provides nourishment for breast-feeding
53
General Body System Adaptations - GI System: What happens to gums?
Become hyperremic, swollen, and friable and tend to bleed easily. Influenced by estrogen and increased proliferation of blood vessels
54
General Body System Adaptations - GI System: Excessive salivation (ptyalism) may occur, why?
By decrease in unconscious swallowing by woman when nauseated . Typically resolves spontaneously
55
General Body System Adaptations - GI System: Why is gingivitis and other dentral diseases an issue?
Because of increased production of female hormones during pregnancy.
56
General Body System Adaptations - GI System: What changes occur here related to influence of progesterone?
Smooth muscle relaxation and decreased peristalsis . Results in delayed gastric emptying
57
General Body System Adaptations - GI System: Why may constipation occur?
From low-fiber choices, reduced fluid intake, use of iron, decreased activity level, and intestinal displacement
58
General Body System Adaptations - GI System: What contributes to formation of hemorrhoids?
Constipation, increased venous pressure, and pressure of uterus
59
General Body System Adaptations - GI System: Emptying time of gallbladder is prolonged, which can lead to what issue?
Hypercholesterolemia, with increased risk of gallstone formation.
60
General Body System Adaptations - GI System: What drug has been approved ot treat morning sickness?
Doxylamine succinate 10 mg/pyridoxine hydrochloride 10 mg
61
General Body System Adaptations - Cardiovascular: What changes occur to heart rate, CO, blood volume, and plasma volume?
25% increase in HR
CO increased by 30-50%
Increased blood volume
Increased plasma volume
62
General Body System Adaptations - Cardiovascular and Blood Volume: What changes occur here?
Increase by 1500 mL (50%) by 32nd week.
63
General Body System Adaptations - Cardiovascular and Blood Volume: Why is there an increase in blood volume?
Needed to provide adequate hydration of fetal and maternal tissues to supply blood flow to perfuse and provde a reserve to compensate for blood loss
64
General Body System Adaptations - Cardiovascular and Blood Volume: What happens to the maternal blood because of this increase?
REsult in physiologic anemia and hemodilution
65
General Body System Adaptations - Cardiovascular and Blood Volume: Criteria for physiologic anemia?
Hemoglobin 10 g or less
RBC 3.5 million
Normal Morphology with Cenral Pallor
66
General Body System Adaptations - Cardiovascular with CO and HR: CO increases how much?
30-50 % by 32nd week and decliens to about 20% increase at 40 weeks
67
General Body System Adaptations - Cardiovascular with CO and HR: Why is there an increase in CO?
Associated with increase in venous return adn greater right ventricular output, especially in left lateral position
68
General Body System Adaptations - Cardiovascular and BP: What happens to his?
Declines slightly during pregnancy (especially diastolic) as a result of vasodilation from progesterone
69
General Body System Adaptations - Cardiovascular and BP: Changes in blood pressure during second trimester?
Decreases 5-10 mmHg
70
General Body System Adaptations - Cardiovascular and BP: Gestational hypertension may occur, which is what?
Onset of hypertension (systolic of 140 or higher and distolic of 90 or higher) after 20 weeks
71
General Body System Adaptations - Cardiovascular and Blood Components: How much of an increase is there of red blood cells?
25-33% higher.
72
General Body System Adaptations - Cardiovascular and Blood Components: Although there is an increase in RBCs, ther is also an increase in what?
Greater in crease in plasma volume because of hormonal factors and sodium and water retention. This causes Hgb and Hct to decline
73
General Body System Adaptations - Cardiovascular and Blood Components: What is the state of hemodilution referred to as?
physiologic anemia of pregnancy
74
General Body System Adaptations - Cardiovascular and Blood Components: Changes in RBC volume due to what?
increased circulating erythropoietin and accelerated red blood cell production
75
General Body System Adaptations - Cardiovascular and Blood Components: Rise in erythropoietin in last two trimesters is stimualted by what?
Progesterone, prolactin and human placental lactogen
76
General Body System Adaptations - Cardiovascular and Blood Components: What nutrient is needed more?
Iron, to compensate for fetus requirements. Fetal tissues prevail over mothers tissues for iron stores.
77
General Body System Adaptations - Cardiovascular and Blood Components: What happens to fibrin and plasma fibrinogen?
Levels increase along with various blood-clotting factors. Make pregnancy a hypercoagulable state. Contributes to slowed venous return, pooling, and dependent edema
78
General Body System Adaptations - Respiratory: Oxygen consumption increases by howo much?
20-30% until full term is reached
79
General Body System Adaptations - Respiratory: Because of increased tidal volume, what changes occur for woman?
Hyperventilation and hypocapnia. Breathing becomes more diaphragmatic than abdominal
80
General Body System Adaptations - Respiratory: Increased vascularity of respiratory tract influenced by?
Increased estrogen levels, leading to congestion.
81
General Body System Adaptations - Renal/Urinary: What changes occur to the kidneys?
Dilation of renal pelvis and uterus. Occurs as result of the hormonal influences of estrogen and progesterone, pressure from enlarging uterus, and increase in maternal blood volume
82
General Body System Adaptations - Renal/Urinary: What changes does progesterone cause to kidney?
Renal pelvis becomes dilated, and the ureters elongate and become more curved
83
General Body System Adaptations - Renal/Urinary: Blood flow to the kidneys increase by how much?
50-80% because of increased cardiac output and relaxin.
84
General Body System Adaptations - Musculoskeletal: Why do the ligaments that hold sacroiliac joints and the pubis symphysis begin to soften and stretch?
Purpose is to increase pelvic cavity and to make delivery easier
85
General Body System Adaptations - Musculoskeletal: What may result in lower back pain?
Increased swayback and an upper spine extension to compensate for enlarging abdomen coupled with loosening of sacroiliac joints
86
General Body System Adaptations - Integumentary: What is responsible for most skin changes in preganancy?
Increased activity of maternal adrenal and pituitary glands
Increased cortisone levels
Accelerated metabolism
Enhanced production of progesterone and estrogenic hormones
87
General Body System Adaptations - Integumentary: Why do womens skin become hyperpigmentated?
Because of estrogen, progesterone , and melanocyte-stimulating hormone levels
88
General Body System Adaptations - Integumentary: What is Facial Melasma?
The increased pigmentation that occurs on the breasts and genitalia can also develop on the face to form a "mask of pregnancy"
89
General Body System Adaptations - Integumentary: Some women develop linea nigra, what is this?
Skin in the middle of the abdomen may develop a pigemented lime
90
General Body System Adaptations - Vascular Skin Changes: Vascular changes during pregnancy include what?
Varicosities of the legs, vuvlva, and perineum. Often result of distention, instability, and poor circulation
91
General Body System Adaptations - Vascular Skin Changes: What decreases risk of developing varicosities?
Elevating both legs when sitting
Avoiding prolonges tanding
Resting in left position
Walking daily
92
General Body System Adaptations - Vascular Skin Changes: What are vascular spiders?
Appearance of small blood vessels. May appear in neck, thorax, face, and arms.
93
General Body System Adaptations - Thyroid Gland: Why does it become more active and enlarge?
Because of increase vascularity and hyperplasia
94
General Body System Adaptations - Thyroid Gland: What hormone does the mother continue to provide, even when baby can produdce their own?
Thyroxin (T4).
95
General Body System Adaptations - Thyroid Gland: Low maternal thyroid levels with thyroid insufficiency, hypothyroidism, or low inadeqate iodine may compromise what
fetal neurologic development
96
General Body System Adaptations - Pituitary Gland: What happens to FSH and LH?
Are inhibited during pregnancy, because of hCG from placenta and increased secretion of prolactin by anterior pituitary gland
97
General Body System Adaptations - Pituitary Gland: What happens to tSH?
Reduced during first trimester, but returns to normal. Thought to be a factor for morning sickness
98
General Body System Adaptations - Pituitary Gland: What happens to GH?
Decrease in GH because action of human placental lactogen (hPL) is thought to decrease the need and use of HG
99
General Body System Adaptations - Pituitary Gland: What happens to Prolactin?
Secreted in pulses and increases 10-fold to promote breast development . Progesterone released by placenta inhibit this during pregnancy, suppressing lactation
100
General Body System Adaptations - Pituitary Gland: What is Oxytocin responsible for?
Uterine contractions, both before and after delivery. Muscle layers of uterus (myometrium) become more sensitive to oxytocin near term.
101
General Body System Adaptations - Pituitary Gland: What happens near end of term for OXytocin?
PRogesterone declines and contractions are nol onger suppressed
102
General Body System Adaptations - Pituitary Gland: What is Oxytocin responsible for breast wise?
Milk ejection durign breast feeding.
103
General Body System Adaptations - Pancreas: What does a beta cell produdce and do?
Insulin which lowers blood glucose by increase rate of glucose uptake and utilization by most body cell.
104
General Body System Adaptations - Adrenal Glands: Key change in here?
Increase in cortisol secretion, which regulates carbohydrate and protein metabolism and helpful in times of stress.
105
General Body System Adaptations - Adrenal Glands: Cortisol increases in response to what?
Increased estrogen levels throughout pregnancy
106
General Body System Adaptations - Adrenal Glands: What does cortisol help with during pregnancy?
Helps keep up level of glucose in plasma
Breaks down proteins to repair tissues
Gas anti-insulin, anti-inflammatory actions
Is needed to make precursors of adrenaline
107
General Body System Adaptations - Adrenal Glands: What does Aldosterone help with?
Key regulator of electrolyte and water homeostasis and plays a central role in blood pressure regulation.
108
General Body System Adaptations - Prostaglandin Secretion: What do they play a part in?
Softening the cervix and initiaitng and maintaining labor but exact mechanism unclear.
109
General Body System Adaptations - Placental Secretion: Placenta produces what hormones?
```
hCG
hPL
Relaxin
Progesterone
Estrogen
```
110
General Body System Adaptations - Immune: What happens here?
General enhancement of innate immunuity (inflammatory response and phagocytosis) and suppression of adaptive immunity (protective response to a specific foreign antigen
111
Changing Nutritional Needs of Pregnancy: Inadequate nutritional intake is associated with what?
preterm birth, low birth weight, and congenital anomalies
112
Changing Nutritional Needs of Pregnancy: Excessive nutritonal intake is associated with what?
Fetal macrosomia (>4000g) leading to difficult birth, neonatal hypoglycemia, and continued obesity in the mother and potential for ochildhood obesity
113
Changing Nutritional Needs of Pregnancy: What particular vitamins need to be supplemented?
Iron and folic acid because of their increased requirements during pregnancy
114
Changing Nutritional Needs of Pregnancy: Why are iron and folic acid needed?
To form new blood cells for the expanded maternal blood volume and to prevent anemia
115
Changing Nutritional Needs of Pregnancy: Why is iron essential?
for fetal growth and brain development and in the prevention of maternal anemia
116
Changing Nutritional Needs of Pregnancy: Increase in folic necessary why?
to prevent neural tube defects in the fetus .
117
Changing Nutritional Needs of Pregnancy: How much iron is supplemented?
27 mg
118
Changing Nutritional Needs of Pregnancy: How much folic acid is supplemented?
400-80 mg
119
Changing Nutritional Needs of Pregnancy: Which fats are the best to consume?
Unsaturated fats
120
Gluten Free Diet During Pregnancy: Why are gluten free foods bad?
They contain more fat, including saturated, and sodium but fewer minerals and vitamins
121
Gluten Free Diet During Pregnancy: Calories in pregnant and lactating woman?
2500 and 2700
122
Gluten Free Diet During Pregnancy: What nutrients will a woman struggle with?
Folate, Vitamin B, Iron, ,Calcium, fiber, and Grain
123
USDA and MyPlate: What did the USDA develop for pregnant women?
Interactive online diet-planning program called the Daily Food Plan for Moms that help personalize their dietary intake
124
Food Concerns and Artifical Sweeteners: Can they be used?
Some recommend not using them at all, while others tell them to use it in moderation
125
Food Concerns and Fish, Shellfish, Mercury Levels: Why are fish and shellfish important?
Contain high-quality protein, low in saturated fat, and contain omega-3 fatty acids
126
Food Concerns and Fish, Shellfish, Mercury Levels: What fish should be avoided because of high levels of mercury?
Shark, swordfish, king mackerel, orange roughy, ahi tube, and tilefish
127
Food Concerns and Listeriosis: What is this?
It is a gram-positive bacteria found in soil, water, and sometimes on plants. Commonly found in processed and prepared foods and in raw or unpasteurized milk
128
Food Concerns and Listeriosis: What does this show itself as durign pregnancy?
Usually presents as an unremarkable febrile illness but can be fatal to fetuus
129
Food Concerns and Listeriosis: This can be passesd to an unborn baby through placenta, leaidng to what issues?
Preterm births, miscarriges, stillbirths, and high neonatal mortality rates
130
Food Concerns and Listeriosis: How to avoid this?
Don't eat hotdogs, lunch meat until hot.
Don't get fluid froom hot dog packages on food
Do not eat soft cheeses
Do not eat refrigerated smoked seafood
131
Maternal Weight Gain: Normal infant birth weight?
7.5 lbs
132
Maternal Weight Gain: What is considered to be an underweight BMI?
< 18.5 = Weight gain range 28-40 lbs
133
Maternal Weight Gain: What is considered to be a normal weight BMI?
18.5 - 24.9 . Weight gain range 25 to 35
134
Maternal Weight Gain: What is considered to be an overweight BMI?
25-29.9 with total weight gain range 15-25
135
Maternal Weight Gain: What is an obese BMI?
30 0or higher. Total weight gain 11-20 lbs
136
Maternal Weight Gain: Why should a woman who is underweight be monitored?
Shes at risk for giving birth to a low-birth weight infant (less than 5.5 lbs)
137
Maternal Weight Gain: Women who are overweight during pregnancy should gain no more than how many lbs?
15-25 lbs
138
Maternal Weight Gain: What is the best way to assess whether a pregnant woman is consuming enough calories?
To follow her pattern of weight gain. Should aim for a steady rate of weight gain throughout pregnancy
139
Maternal Weight Gain: Weight gain during first trimester?
3.5 - 5 lbs
140
Maternal Weight Gain: Weight gain during first trimester for underweight woman?
Should be at least 5 lbs
141
Maternal Weight Gain: Weight gain during first trimester for overweight women?
About 2 lbs
142
Maternal Weight Gain: During 2nd and 3rd trimester, how much weight should theyg ain?
About 1 lb per week
143
Cultural Variations: Variations of Bread, Cereal, Rice?
Bolillo, Couscous, Flaxseed, Hau Juan
144
Cultural Variations: Variations of Vegetable Group?
Agave, Bok Choy, Jicama, Okra, Water Chestnuts
145
Cultural Variations: Variations of Proteins?
Bean paste, blood sausage, legums, shellfish
146
Cultural Variations: Variations of Fruit group?
Catalpa, Kumquats, Plantain, Yucca Fruit
147
Cultural Variations: Variations of Milk and Dairy?
Buffalo Milk, Buttermilk, Soy Milk
148
Lactose Intolerance: Women here are unable to break down and absorb what?
Cannot break down lactose, and cannot consume simple sugars, glucose, and galactose
149
Lactose Intolerance: Other sources to consume calcium?
Peanuts, almonds, sunflower seeds, broccoli, salon, kale, and molasses
150
Vegetarians: What do Lacto--Ovo Vegans omit?
Red meat, fish and poultry, but eat eggs, milk, and dairy products along with plant foods
151
Vegetarians: What do Lacto-Vegetarians consume?
Milk and dairy along with plant-based
Omit eggs, meat, fish, and poultry
152
Vegetarians: What do vegans eliminate?
All foods from animals including milk, eggs, and cheese and eat only plant based foods
153
Vegetarians: Problems that may occur because of vegan diet?
low gestational weight gain, iron-deficiency anemia, compromised protein utilization and decreased mineral absorption
154
Vegetarians: What should be subbed for proteins?
Soy foods, beans, lentils, uts, grains and seeds
155
Vegetarians: What should be subbed for iron?
Eat variety of meat alternatives along with vitamin c rich foods
156
Vegetarians: Sub for clacium?
Sub soy, calcium-fortified orange juice, and tofu
157
Vegetarians: Sub for Vit B12?
Fortified soy foods and B12 supplements
158
Pica: Common substances consumed include what?
Dirt, Clay and LAundry Starch.
Burnt matches, stones, charcoal, mothballs, ice, cornstarch, toothpaste, soap, and sand
159
Pica: The three main substances consumed by women with pica are what?
Soil or Clay (Geophagia)
Ice (Pagophagia) and
Laundry Starch (Amylophagia)
160
Pica: When is suspect pica indicated?
When woman exhibits anemia although her dietary intake is appropriate
161
Psychosocial Adaptations during Pregnancy and Maternal Emotional Response - Ambivalence: What is this?
Having conflicting feelings at teh same time. Usually during first trimester. Evolves into acceptance by second trimester when m ovement felt.
162
Psychosocial Adaptations during Pregnancy and Maternal Emotional Response - Introversion: What is this?
Focusing on oneself. WOman may withdraw and become incresingly preoccupied with herself and her fetus. Heightens during 1st and 3rd trimester.
163
Psychosocial Adaptations during Pregnancy and Maternal Emotional Response - Acceptance: What occurs during 2nd trimester?
Physical changes of growing fetus, including an enlarging abdomen bring reality and validity to the pregnancy.
164
Pregnancy and the PArtner: Partners may experience couvade syndrome, which is what?
They main gain weight aroun hte middle and experience nausea and other GI disturbances which is a sympathetic response to otheir partners pregnancy
165
What factors would change during a pregnancy if the hormone progesterone were reduced or withdrawn?
The woman’s gums would become red and swollen and would bleed easily.
The uterus would contract more and peristalsis would increase.
Morning sickness would increase and would be prolonged.
The secretion of prolactin by the pituitary gland would be inhibited.
The uterus would ocnract more and peristalsis would increase
166
Which of the following is a presumptive sign or symptom of pregnancy?
Restlessness
Elevated mood
Urinary frequency
Low backache
Urinary Frequency
167
When obtaining a blood test for pregnancy, which hormone would the nurse expect the test to measure?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Human placental lactogen (hPL)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
168
During pregnancy, which of the following should the expectant mother reduce or avoid?
Raw meat or uncooked shellfish
Fresh, washed fruits and vegetables
Whole grains and cereals
Protein and iron from meat sources
Raw meat or uncooked shellfish
169
A feeling expressed by most women upon learning they are pregnant is:
Acceptance
Depression
Jealousy
Ambivalence
Ambivalence
170
Reva Rubin identified four major tasks that the pregnant woman undertakes to form a mutually gratifying relationship with her infant. What is “binding in”?
Ensuring safe passage through pregnancy, labor, and birth
Seeking acceptance of this infant by others
Seeking acceptance of self as mother to the infant
Learning to give of oneself on behalf of the infant
Seeking acceptance of self as mother ot the infant
171
A pregnant client close to term comes into the clinic for an exam. The woman complains about experiencing shortness of breath. The nurse knows that this complaint can be explained as the:
Fetus is needing more oxygen now that his/her size is larger.
Fundus of the uterus is high and pushing the diaphragm upwards.
Woman is experiencing an allergic reaction because of high histamine levels.
Oxygen partial pressure concentration is lower in the third trimester.
Fundus of the uterus is high and pushing the diaphragm upwards
172
Which of the following fish should be limited in a pregnant woman’s diet because of the high mercury content?
Salmon
Cod
Shrimp
Sword fish
Sword Fish
