[Exam 3] Chapter 27 – Growth and Development of the Preschooler Flashcards by Kevin Avelino

Physical Growth: Will grow how much per year?

6.5-7.8 cm (2.5-3 inches) per year

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Physical Growth: Average height for 3, 4, and 5 year old?

2 cm (37 inches)
7 cm (40.5 inches)
5 cm (43 inches)

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Physical Growth: Average weight gain per year?

2.3 kg (4-5 lb) per year

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Physical Growth: Average weight of a 3 year old and a 5 year old?

14.5 kg (32 lb) increasing to 18.6 kg (41 lb)

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Organ System Maturation: HR and BP?

HR decreases and blodo pressure increases slightly.

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Organ System Maturation: How many teeth should they have?

20 teeth

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Organ System Maturation: How many stools per day?/

1-2

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Organ System Maturation: At what age is bladder control present?

At 4-5 years old, but occassional accident may occur.

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Psychosocial DEvelopment: For Erik Erikson, what task is developed here?

Initiative versus guilt. They feel sense of accomplishment when succeeding in activities, but when they fail a task, they may feel a sense of guilt

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Cognitive Development: According to Piaget, preschool child continues in wwhat stage?

Preoperational Stage. Dominates during this stage and is based on self-centered understanding of the world. Child is egocentric and is able to approach a problem from single view point.

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Cognitive Development: What is magical thinking?

Preschooler believes that their thoughts are all-powerful.

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Cognitive Development: What abilities can child do in intuitive phase?

Can count 10 or more objects, correctly name at least four colors, and better understands the concept of time, and knows about things that are used in everyday life such as money

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Cognitive Development: They use transudction when reasoning, which is what?

Extrpolates from a particular situation to another, even though the events may be unrelated.

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Moral and Spirtual Development: What conepts do they begin to develop?

Concepts of right and wrong and is developing a conscience

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Moral and Spirtual Development: What did Kohlberg identify this stage as?

Preconcentional stage, which is charactrized by a punishment-and-obedience orientation

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Moral and Spirtual Development: How may child deal with angry feelings?

They may choose to fight or bite. Lying also begins here.

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Moral and Spirtual Development: Changes between youngger preschoolers and older preschoolers?

Younger have difficulty differentiating between reality and their imagination and fantasies

Older are more aware of right and wrong

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Moral and Spirtual Development: ACtivies in Eriksons initiative vs guilt theory?

Likes to please parents, begisn to plan activites, make up games.

Acts out of roles of other people

Develop sexual identitity

Develops conscience

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Moral and Spirtual Development: Activites in Piagets Preconceptual phase?

Exhibits egocentric thinking, which lessens as they grow older.

Has short attention span

Learns through observing

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Moral and Spirtual Development: Activitee sin Kohlberg punishment-obedience orientation?

Determines good vs bad dependent upon associated punishment. Children may learn inappropriate behavior.

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Moral and Spirtual Development: Activites in Freuds Phallic Stage?

Pleasure centers of genitalia and masturbation. Superego developing.

Oedipal stage occurs, with jealously and rivarly toward same-sex parent

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Gross Motor Skills: What sitll requires extra coordination here?

Standing on tiptoes or one foot

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Fine Motor Skills: What are they able tod o here?

They can move each finger independently and is capable of grapsing utensils and crayons in adult fashion, with the thumb on one side of each other.

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Sensory Development: Typical vision here?

20/40 or 20/30

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Communication and Language Development: 3 year old exhibits what telegraphic speech, which is what

short sentences that contain only the essential information

Communication and Language Development: Words known by 5 years old?

About 2,000 words

Emotional and Social Development: What skills should they have learned that will have them be successful in life?

Cooperation, sharing, kindness, generosity, affection display, conversation, adn expression of ffeelings

Emotional and Social Development: How can children help with emotions?

Can give a name to the e motion that is being experienced

Emotional and Social Development: How are fears here?

Are very real because of their active imaginations and may result in wide array of emotions

Emotional and Social Development: How can parents encourage toddlers to find their identity?

Encourage them to do simple things for themselves, like dressing and washing their hands and face

Emotional and Social Development - Temperament: When parent in tine with preschoolers temperament, it is easier to find what?

Ways to ease transitions and changes for that child

Emotional and Social Development - Temperament: This determines the extent of reactivity, which is what?

Quality of childs mood and the intensity of reactions to stimuli, change, or situations

Emotional and Social Development - Temperament: When should temper tantrums ease up?

By 4 years old, as the language skilsl are more capable of keeping up with complex ideas

A sense of guilt will contribute to what?

Low self-esteem

Routine and rituals are important why?

They help child develop a sense of time as well as provide the structure for the child to feel safe and secure

Promoting Growth and Development Through Play: How can initiative be developed?

By giving them opportunites to decide how and with whom they want to play

Promoting Growth and Development Through Play: What does creative play encourage child to do?

Develop social skills such as taking turns, commuication, paying attention, and respondin to one another's words and actions

Promoting Growth and Development Through Play: How much television should preschoolers watch?

No more than 2 hours per day

Promoting Growth and Development Through Play: Difference between 4 and 5 year olds with fantasy play?

4: More sophisticated with dramtic or pretend play, they know they are pretending 5: Complex scenarios. They pretend they are real or fantasy characters

Promoting Growth and Development Through Play: What does physical activity help with?

Improves gross motor skills, may enhance child's self confidence, and allows child to expend less energy

Promoting Language Development: How to stimulate the development of thinking as language?

Asking open-ended questions.

Promoting Language Development: Risk factors for lack of social and emotional readiness for school includes?

Insecure attachment in early years, maternal depression, parental susbtance abuse, and low socioeconomic satus

Choosing Preschool/Starting Kindergarten: Why should preschool be used?

Opportunity to foster childs social skills adn accustom him/her to group environment.

Promoting Safety - Safety in Car: Preschooler up until 4 years of age should use what seat

a forward facing car seat with harness and top tether

Promoting Safety - Safety in Car: What size and height should booster seats stop being used?

Until heiht of 145 cm (4 ft 9 in) and age of 8-12 years old

Safety in Home - Preventing Tobacco Exposure: Exposure to smoke is associated with what?

Increased incidence of otitis media and respiratory infections, and increased symptoms in those with asthma

Safety in Home: Main injuries here?

Handguns, matches, bodies of water, bicycle riding, and poisons

Safety in Home - Preventing Poisoning: How is their taste here?

Still have unrefined taste discrimination, placing them at risk for accidental digestion

Safety In Water: Appropriate time to learn how to swim?

Five years of age .

Promoting Nutrition: How many teeth here?

Full set of primary teeth, allowing them to chew and swallow competently

Nutritional Needs: 3-5 requires how much calcium and iron daily?

700-1000 mc Calcium 7-10 mg iron daily

Nutritional Needs: How much fiber recommended?

19 mg

Nutritional Needs: How many calories needed per kg of body weight?

Requires 85 kcal/kg

Nutritional Needs: Drinking excess amount of milk may lead to what deficiency?

Iron deficiency, as the calcium in milk blocks iron absorption

Promoting Healthy Eating Habits: By 5 years old, how do they view food?

More focused on social context of eating like table conversation. They are more willing to at least try new foods and may like to help with meal prep

Preventing Development of Obesity/Overweight: These childen are at risk for what

hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and development of insulin resistanace

Preventing Development of Obesity/Overweight: Unstructured meals lead to what?

Increase in fat and calorie consumption

Preventing Development of Obesity/Overweight: Juice should be limited to how much

4-6 oz per day

Preventing Development of Obesity/Overweight: Recommended size of childs play?

1/3 to 1/2 the size of parents plate

Promoting Healthy Sleep/Rest: Preschool child needs how much sleep each day

11-12 hours

Promoting Healthy Sleep/Rest: Why do nightmares often occur?

As a result of child's struggle to distinguish what is real from what is not

Promoting Healthy Sleep/Rest: What are night terrors?

Child awakens and is screaming. Usually does not respond much to the parents soothing, but eventually stops crying and goes to sleep

Promoting Healthy Sleep/Rest: One way to decrease night terros?

Wake child about 30-45 mins until slep cycle. If continued for one week, cycle of terrors may be broken

Promoting Appropriate Discipline: Successful discipline results from?

A loving and nuturing environment in which preschoolers self-esteem is fostered and where limits are well chosen and enforced consistently.

Promoting Appropriate Discipline: Physical punishment has been associacted with what?

Antisocial and criminal behaviors

Promoting Appropriate Discipline: Parents should serve as role models for self-control, including?

Choice of words, the tone they are delivered in, and the actions that accompany them

Promoting Appropriate Discipline: Children are starting to understand empathy, which is what?

Start to understand each other's feelings. And understand right and wrong

Promoting Appropriate Discipline: Time-out should be used why?

For intentional misbehavior (knowing something is forbidden but doing it anyway). Can help with dangerous or destructive behavior

Promoting Appropriate Discipline: A give time-out period is what?

1 minute time-out per year of age

Addressing Developmental Concerns - Lying: This may occur why

Because child fears punishment, has gotten carried away with imagination, or is imitating what they see parents do

Addressing Developmental Concerns - Lying: What to do if lying is from imagination?

Guide the child in distinguishing between myth and reality

Addressing Developmental Concerns - Masturbation: What may happen if parent overreacts here?

It may occur more frequently. Should be treated in a matter-of-fact way

The nurse is caring for a hospitalized 4-year-old who insists on having the nurse perform every assessment and intervention on her imaginary friend first. She then agrees to have the assessment or intervention done to herself. The nurse identifies this preschooler’s behavior as: Problematic; the child is old enough to begin to have a basis in reality. Normal, because the child is hospitalized and out of her routine. Normal for this stage of growth and development. Problematic, as it interferes with needed nursing care.

Normal for this stage of growth and development.

The mother of a 3-year-old is concerned about her child’s speech. She describes her preschooler as hesitating at the beginning of sentences and repeating consonant sounds. What is the nurse’s best response? Hesitancy and dysfluency are normal during this period of development. Reading to the child will help model appropriate speech. Expressive language concerns warrant a developmental evaluation. The mother should ask her child’s physician for a speech therapy evaluation.

Hesitancy and dysfluency are normal during this period of development.

The mother of a 4-year-old asks for advice on using time-out for discipline with her child. What advice should the nurse give the mother? If spanking is not working, then time-out is not likely to be helpful either. Place the child in time-out for 4 minutes. Use time-out only if removing privileges is unsuccessful. The child should stay in time-out until crying ceases.

Place the child in time-out for 4 minutes.

A 5-year-old child is not gaining weight appropriately. Organic problems have been ruled out. What is the priority action by the nurse? Allow the child unlimited access to the sippy cup to ensure adequate hydration. Encourage sweets for the extra caloric content. Teach the mother about nutritional needs of the preschooler. Assess the child’s usual intake pattern at home.

Assess the child’s usual intake pattern at home.

The nurse is providing teaching about accidental poisoning to the family of a 3-year-old. The nurse understands that a child of this age is at increased risk of accidental ingestion due to which sensory alteration? A lack of fully developed hearing. A less discriminating sense of touch. Visual acuity that has not fully developed. A less discriminating sense of taste.

A less discriminating sense of taste.