Exam #1 Chapter 2

Question 1

___________ is the number of protons, and therefore also the total positive charge, in the atomic nucleus.

Answer 1

Atomic number

Question 2

______ is the energy of MOTION (seen in waves, electrons, atoms, molecules, substances, and objects.)

Answer 2

Kinetic energy

Question 3

_____ is the energy held by an object because of its position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, its electric charge, or other factors.

Answer 3

Potential energy

Question 4

_____ is the potential of a chemical substance to undergo a transformation through a chemical reaction to transform other chemical substances.

Answer 4

Chemical energy

Question 5

The 4 major elements that make up the human body are….

Answer 5

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen

Question 6

Atoms consist of three basic particles: ____, ____, ____

Answer 6

protons, electrons, neutrons

Question 7

____ is a basic particle of an atom and is found in shells or orbitals that surround the nucleus of an atom.

Negatively charged!

Answer 7

electron

Question 8

____ is a basic particle of an atom that’s positively charged and forms part of the nucleus of an atom. It’s used to determine atomic number of an element. It weighs 1 amu.

Positively charged!

Answer 8

proton

Question 9

What is a subatomic particle forming part of the nucleus of an atom. It has no charge. It is equal in mass to a proton or it weighs 1 amu.

Answer 9

neutron

Question 10

Atoms in their natural state are _______ (positively, neutrally, negatively) charged.

Answer 10

neutrally

Question 11

An _____ is a charged atom or molecule. It is charged because the number of electrons do not equal the number of protons in the atom or molecule.

Answer 11

ion

Question 12

A _____ is a group of a single type of atoms (elements) bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.

Answer 12

molecule

Question 13

a _____ is where different types of atoms (elements) share electrons through covalent bonds. It is also known as a covalent compound. The covalent bonds are what hold the molecule together.

Answer 13

compound

Question 14

Chemical Bonds include both. Covalent and Ionic bonds. Which one is which?

______ bond: electrons from one atom are removed and attached to another atom, resulting in positive and negative ions which attract each other.

______ bond: electrons are shared by two atoms.

Answer 14

Ionic

Covalent

Question 15

Hydrogen’s valence number is one, because it has only one valence electron and needs only ___(how many?) shared electron(s) to fill its energy levels.

Answer 15

one

Question 16

A ______ is a CATALYST composed of protein and RNA. It lowers the level of energy that it takes to have a chemical reaction.

They assist w/ breakdown of food.

Most chemical reactions in the body are helped my this.

Answer 16

enzyme

Question 17

Which type of reaction:

Two or more chemical species combine to form a more complex product. A + B → AB

Bank: synthesis, decomposition, endergonic, exergonic, dehydration, hydrolysis

Answer 17

synthesis reaction

Question 18

Which type of reaction:

A compound is broken into smaller chemical species. AB → A + B

Bank: synthesis, decomposition, endergonic, exergonic, dehydration, hydrolysis

Answer 18

decomposition reaction

Question 19

Which type of reaction:

Breaks polymers into monomers using a water molecule.

Bank: synthesis, decomposition, endergonic, exergonic, dehydration, hydrolysis

Answer 19

hydrolysis reaction

FYI - Monomers are just single unit molecules and polymers are chains of monomers.

Question 20

Which type of reaction:

Absorbs energy from surroundings. Requires more energy than you get from it. The chemical bonds formed from the reaction are weaker than the chemical bonds that were broken. Not spontaneous.

Bank: synthesis, decomposition, endergonic, exergonic, dehydration, hydrolysis

Answer 20

Endergonic reaction

Question 21

Which type of reaction:

Releases energy into surroundings. Spontaneous.

Bank: synthesis, decomposition, endergonic, exergonic, dehydration, hydrolysis

Answer 21

Exergonic reaction

Question 22

Which type of reaction:

Link monomers together into polymers by RELEASING water.

Bank: synthesis, decomposition, endergonic, exergonic, dehydration, hydrolysis

Answer 22

dehydration reaction

FYI - Monomers are just single unit molecules and polymers are chains of monomers.

Question 23

Is this an organic or inorganic compound?

Doesn’t contain both carbon and hydrogen. Most of these compounds contain water atoms (as opposed to carbon atoms)

Answer 23

inorganic

Question 24

Is this an organic or inorganic compound?

Contains both carbon and hydrogen. Synthesized via covalent bonds with living organisms, such as the human body.

Answer 24

organic

Question 25

The 4 main organic molecules are:

Answer 25

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (nucleotides)

Question 26

The organic molecule Carbohydrates has 3 main forms: Monosaccharides are the monomers of carbs __________ are made of 2 monomers. __________ are the polymers, and can have a fuck ton of monomers

Answer 26

Disaccharides Polysaccarides

Question 27

The organic molecule LIPID has 3 main forms: triglyceride, phospholipids, and steroids. ________ is related to dietary stuff. Commonly called "fat". Abundant in body tissues. ________ look just like lipids except that one of the fatty acid chains is replaced by a phosphate ________ are characterized by a backbone of four linked carbon rings (Figure 4). Examples of steroids include cholesterol (a component of cell membranes) and certain hormones, including testosterone and estrogen.

Answer 27

triglyceride Phospholipids Steroids

Question 28

The organic molecule _______ are polymers made up of nitrogen-containing monomers called AMINO ACIDS

Answer 28

Protein

Question 29

A ____ bond holds amino acids together. clue: what type of medicine do I take for an upset or acidic stomach?

Answer 29

peptide bond

Question 30

Proteins function as enzymes. True or False?

Answer 30

true

Question 31

The organic molecule ________ can be assembled into nucleic acids (RNA or DNA), or ATP

Answer 31

Nucleotides

Question 32

Ayyy bishhhh; here's a QQ for joos: ______ is a nucleotide that stores a ton of potential energy. Energy released from its bonds fuels the body's activities - i.e. muscle contraction or transporting substances in and out of cells

Answer 32

ATP

Question 33

Water is a lubricating fluid for so many things in our body. For example: lubricates the joints, cushions the brain, and helps the lungs expand/contract. True or False?

Answer 33

True, bitch!

Question 34

Water is called a "heat sink" because it can absorb and release heat, without it's temperature changing. This is huge for our body's equilibrium and shit. True or false?

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Water is a key component of "Liquid Mixtures" in the body. The 3 liquid Mixtures are: Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions. Which one is which? _________ a homogeneous(similar) mixture of two or more components. The dissolving agent is the solvent. The substance that is dissolved is the solute. Example: Sugar and water. How to know: you cant see light passing though air, so you know it's this. _________ particles are larger than those found in solutions. Components of a suspension can be evenly distributed by mechanical means, like by shaking the contents but the components will eventually settle out. Example: Oil and water _________ particles are in sized in between solutions and suspensions. When they're mixed, they remain evenly distributed without settling out. Example: Milk or Fog! How to know: You CAN see light passing through air, so you know it's this.

Answer 35

Solution Suspension Colloids

Question 36

Name an example(s) of each: Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

Answer 36

Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose deoxyribose Disaccharides: sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), maltose (malt sugar) Polysaccharides: starches, glycogen, cellulose (dietary fiber)

Question 37

Saturated vs Unsaturated Fatty Acids (remember these are in Lipids). Which on is which? 1) Only single bonds between neighboring carbons in the hydrocarbon chain. 2) The hydrocarbon chain has a double bond. The fatty acid now has fewer hydrogens.

Answer 37

saturated unsaturated Note: If there is just one double bond in a fatty acid, it’s monounsaturated, while if there are multiple double bonds, it’s polyunsaturated.

Question 38

What do you call a chemical substance that helps helps control pH with there are high fluctuations in acids/bases in the body? Small molecules such as bicarbonate and phosphate, and other substances like hemoglobin and proteins; help with this.

Answer 38

a buffer

Question 39

A pH of 7 is _____. A pH less than 7 is_____. A pH greater than 7 is _____.

Answer 39

neutral, acidic, basic(base)

Question 40

A pH of 7 is _____. A pH less than 7 is_____. A pH greater than 7 is _____.

Answer 40

neutral, acidic, basic(base)

Question 41

An _____ (acid, base, or neutral) releases hydrogen ions. It ionizes. The particles disassociate.

Answer 41

acid How it works: Strong acids are compounds that release all of their H+ in a solution. i.e. it ionizes completely

Question 42

A _____ releases hydroxyl ions.

Answer 42

base How it works: the hydroxyl ions combine with H+ to create a water molecule, therefore reducing the acidity of a solution. Strong bases release most or all of their hydroxyl ions.

Question 43

Which nucleic acid stores genetic information?

Answer 43

DNA

Question 44

What nucleic acid takes DNA code and transports it to where proteins are assembled on ribosomes in the cytoplasm?

Answer 44

RNA

Question 45

In the world of Proteins, a _____ bond is a covalent bond between 2 amino acids that forms via dehydration synthesis. In fact, it's a very short chain of amino acids.

Answer 45

peptide

Question 46

The Disulfide bond is a covalent bond between sulfur atoms that binds two peptide chains or different parts of one peptide chain. T or F?

Answer 46

T, beyatch