EXAM 3 - select things to study Flashcards by Adam Levine

Joint Flexibility (aka Range of Motion = ROM) may also be affected by:

1) Shape/structure of __________ bones
2) Flexibility of _______ (bone-to-bone)
3) Tension/Arrangement of muscles & ______ (muscle-to-bone)
4) Contact of ____ parts, which likely decreases range of motion
5) _________ (e.g relaxin softens pelvis joints when pregnancy / childbirth)
6) Disuse - The ____ you use it, the ____ it wears

1) Articulating. The tighter they are together, the less motion you’re going to have
2) Ligaments
3) Tendons. Parallell, circular, etc
4) Soft
5) Hormones
6) less, less

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The Articular Disc in the knee, aka ________; is made of ________ pads and located between the articulating bones.

Meniscus

Fibrocatilage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bursae (sac-like) - between skin & ____, tendons & ____, muscle & ____, ligaments & ____;

bones (all)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fibrous joint do not have a synovial cavity and are made of _____ Connective Tissue.

Dense

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Syndesmosis - distal articulation between ____ & _____; and is ______ (not, slightly, very) movable

Tibia, Fibula

Slightly

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do you call the:

Sheet of fibrous tissue binding two neighboring bones together; (slightly moveable); between radius & ulna and tibia & fibula

Interosseous membrane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cartilaginous Joints are a tight articulation, made of either ______ cartilage or ____cartilage)

hyaline, fibrocartilage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hyaline cartilage connecting material epiphyseal (growth) plate between epiphysis and diaphysis; (immovable) becomes ossified is called the Syn________

Synchondrosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What joint is the hyaline + fibrocartilage connecting material occurs at intervertebral joints; (slightly movable)

Symphysis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Synovial joint are made of ____ connective tissue

Dense

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A common example of a diarthrosis joint is a _______ joint

Synovial joint

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name each

A - Hinge

B - Condyloid (elipical movements)

C - Saddle

D - Plane

E - Condyloid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Motion results from muscle ___________ & relaxation

contraction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Myology is ______

Study of muscles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what muscle type is this?

Cardiac Muscle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what muscle type is this

Skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what muscle type is this

smooth

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Smooth Muscle Tissue Appearance:

(Elongated or Tapered)
(Multinucleated or uninucleated)
(Striated or Non-striated)

Tapered

Uninucleated

Non-striated

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cardiac Muscle Tissue Appearance:

(Elongated or Tapered)
(Multinucleated or uninucleated)
(Striated or Non-striated)
(Branched or unbranched)

Elongated

Uninucleated

Striated

Branched

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Skeletal Muscle Tissue Appearance:

(Elongated or Tapered)
(Multinucleated or uninucleated)
(Striated or Non-striated)
(Branched or unbranched)

Elongated

Multinucleated

Striated

Unbranched

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which type of muscle tissue has intercalated discs w/ Gap junctions?

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 4 main functions of the muscle system, and which types of muscle tissue contribute to each?

Produces body movements e.g. running, walking, etc. (skeletal muscles)
Stabilizes body positions e.g. sitting & standing (skeletal)
Stores & moves substances within the body e.g. sphincters open/close to regulate contents in stomach and urinary bladder (smooth) e.g. heart pumps blood, moves food thru GI tract, aids in returning blood to heart (cardiac, smooth, skeletal)
Produces heat (thermogenesis) e.g. shivering (skeletal)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Thermogenesis is a fancy word for when your body _________ via the help of your skeletal muscle tissue

Produces heat

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Specifically, which muscle tissue type allow your sphincters to open/close to regulate contents in stomach and urinary bladder

Smooth

Which muscle tissue types enable: Heart pumps blood, moves food thru GI tract, aids in returning blood to heart

All 3: skeletal, cardic, and smooth

What are the 4 characteristics of Muscle Tissue? Explain each.

1. Excitable (e.g. muscle & nerve cells) – responds to stimuli via action potentials (electrical impulses) 2. Contractible – (usually) shorten in length when stimulated 3. Extensible – can stretch 4. Elastic – returns to shape after contraction

**_Skeletal_** Muscles are made up of bundles of muscle fibers called \_\_\_\_\_\_. The muscle fibers contain \_\_\_\_\_, which is a basic rod-like unit of a muscle cell. Within these^, are the thick and thin fillaments called the _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_. Which is thick vs thin?

Fascicles Myofybrils Action (thin) , Myosin (thick)

Why are mitochondrian a common and important part of Skeletal muscle?

They produce ATP, which is required for muscle contraction

Nerves stimulate muscle to contract via electric impulses called \_\_\_\_\_

action potentials

An action potential is carried out by a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

somatic motor neuron

In nerves, the Sensory Neurons Input heads down a ______ (afferent or efferent) pathway (aka the ______ (stimulus or response) to reach the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Then, it heads down a ______ (afferent or efferent) pathway (aka the ______ (stimulus or response) to reach the Motor Neurons Output.

Stimulus, Afferent CNS Control Center Efferent, Response

Troponin and Tropomyosin are protiens associated with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is one of two \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. These protiens prevent _______ from binding. Of those 2 protiens which one holds which one in place?

Actin, a myofillaments (the other is myosin) Myosin Troponin holds Tropomyosin in place.

A structual and functional unit of muscle is called what?

Sarcomere, meaning its the smallest unit of a muscle that can perfom all functions of a muscle.

\_\_\_\_ – separates sarcomeres \_\_\_\_ - (light band – thin filaments ONLY) \_\_\_\_ - (dark band – thick filaments) \_\_\_\_ - area with ONLY thick filaments \_\_\_\_ - middle of H zone; holds thick filaments together

Components of Motor Unit: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – collectively the single motor neuron and all muscle fibers it stimulates

Motor Unit

Components of Motor Unit: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - generates action potential to stimulate skeletal muscle fibers to contract

Somatic Motor Neuron

Components of Motor Unit: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – end of axon that branches; comes into close proximity to muscle fiber

Axon Terminal

Components of Motor Unit: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – area of sarcolemma where axon terminal is closest; has neurotransmitter receptors

Motor End Plate

Components of Motor Unit: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – gap between axon (neuron) and sarcolemma (muscle fiber)

Synaptic Cleft

Components of Motor Unit: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – releases neurotransmitter (e.g. acetylcholine) that is stored in vesicles

Synaptic Bulbs

Components of Motor Unit: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – synapse between motor neuron & motor end plate of muscle fiber

Neuromuscular Junction

3 main functions of ATP in muscle contraction?

1) _Hydrolized_ by myosin to become energized and _bind_ to the actin in the first place. 2) ATP has to come back in and _bind_ to the myosin so that it can **_detach_** 3) ATP has to come in and actively _transport any leftover calcium_ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum so that the Troponin/Tropomyosin complex can move back into place and the muscle can relax

The ______________ reticulum stores/releases Ca++ (calcium) ## Footnote Calcium is _________ (stored / released) upon relaxation, and _________ (stored / released upon contraction).

sarcoplasmic Stored, released

Transverse (T) tubules invaginations of sarcolemma; allows for\_\_\_\_ (fast / mild / slow) response.

fast

The ________ binds to thin filamentous actin, and uses ATP hydrolysis to generate force and "walk" along the thin filament.

myosin head

\_\_\_\_\_\_ - “thin” filaments that have binding site for myosin head ( + troponin and tropomyosin)

Actin

Read this a few times: Importance of Calcium Ions. Ca2+ ions play an important role in muscle contraction by creating interactions between the proteins, myosin and actin. The Ca2+ ions bind to the C component of the actin filament, which exposes the binding site for the myosin head to bind to in order to stimulate a muscle contraction.

do it

Generation of ATP for Muscles: What is the “charged up” molecule with stored energy? This molecule & ATP store enough chemical energy to last for about __ seconds (even without excess ATP) Excess ____ is used to generate this molecule

Creatine phosphate 15 ATP

Generation of ATP for Muscles: \_\_\_ is an anaerobic process; generates 2 ATPs from 1 molecule of glucose; Allows for quick burst of energy for a short period of time. If no oxygen present – _______ is generated from pyruvic acid (end product of glycolysis)

Glycolysis lactic acid

Generation of ATP for Muscles: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cellular respiration generates about 36 ATPs from 1 molecule of glucose (includes glycolysis) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ required for complete breakdown of glucose to CO2 & H2O Occurs in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Aerobic (meaning "with oxygen") Oxygen mitochondria (anarobic occurs in the carcoplasym)

What does Myoglobin bind?

Oxygen

Lactic acid builds up due to ________ resparation and lack of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

anaerobic resparation and lack of oxygen

Control of Muscle Tension: 1) ____________ - brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a motor unit due to a single action potential 2) _____________ - stimuli arriving at different times cause larger contractions 3) _____________ - sustained by wavering contraction 4) _____________ - sustained contraction

1) Single twitch 2) Wave sumation 3) Unfused Tetanus 4) Fused Tetanus

Twitch Contractions: (Refractory period, relaxation period, latent period, or contraction period) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the shortening of sarcomeres Ca++ allows myosin heads to attach to actin Results in power-stroke of myosin heads Shortening of sarcomere

Contraction period

Twitch Contractions: (Refractory period, relaxation period, latent period, or contraction period) \_\_\_\_\_\_ is the time between stimulus (AP) and start of contraction Ca++ being released into sarcoplasm from sarcoplasmic reticulum Myosin heads start attaching to actin filaments

Latent period

Twitch Contractions: (Refractory period, relaxation period, latent period, or contraction period) Ca++ being pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum Myosin heads detach Lengthening of sarcomere Relative

Relaxation period

Twitch Contractions: (Refractory period, relaxation period, latent period, or contraction period) Time the muscle and nerve cells cannot respond o Temporary loss of excitability o Muscle responds to first stimulus but not to second o Refractory period varies on type of muscle (skeletal short /cardiac longer period)

Refractory period