Exam 1: Chapters 1,2,3

Question 1

Correlation (2)

Answer 1

A consistent relationship between two variables

• does not prove that one variable CAUSES the other
  
  • correlation is NOT causation

Question 2

Control group

Answer 2

Experiences no experimental intervention or manipulation

Question 3

Experimental group

Answer 3

Experiences the experimental intervention or manipulation

Question 4

Sample size

Answer 4

The number of experimental subjects or the number of times on an experiment is repeated

Question 5

Anecdotal evidence

Answer 5

An informal observation that has not been seen systematically tested

Question 6

Placebo

Answer 6

A fake treatment that mimics the experience of the experimental group

(Control group receives the placebo)

Question 7

Independent variable (3)

Answer 7

The experimental group

• the factor being deliberately changed in the experimental group

• amount of coffee

Question 8

Dependent variable (2)

Answer 8

Is the measured result of an experiment

• depends on the independent variable
• analyzed in both the experimental and control groups

Question 9

Epidemiology

Answer 9

The study of patterns of disease in populations, including risk factors

Question 10

Hypothesis (5)

Answer 10

A testifiable and falsifiable explanation for a scientific observation or question; an educated guess

Ex: caffeine improves alertness

• statement / NO reasoning in hypothesis
• is only SUPPORTED NOT PROVEN

Question 11

Homeostasis

Answer 11

The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment

Question 12

Atomic number

Answer 12

The number of protons in an atom

• determine the atom’s identity

Question 13

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 13

Cells that contain membrane-bound organelles, including a central nucleus

Question 14

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 14

Cells that lack internal membrane-bound organelles

Question 15

Cohesion

Answer 15

The attraction between molecules (or other particles)

Question 16

Adhesion

Answer 16

The attraction between molecules to a surface

Question 17

Ion

Answer 17

An electrically charged atom

• the charge resulting from the loss or gain of electrons

Question 18

Organelle

???

Answer 18

The membrane bound compartments of eukaryotic cells that carry out specific

Question 19

Hydrophobic (3)

Answer 19

“Water-fearing”

• hydrophobic molecules will not dissolve in water

(Ex. Waxing your car)

Question 20

Hydrophilic (3)

Answer 20

“Water loving”

• hydrophilic molecules dissolve easily in water

(Ex. Sugar in warm water = tea)

Question 21

Hypotonic (4)

Answer 21

Describes a solution surrounding a cell that has a LOWER concentration of solutes that the cells cytoplasm

• outside the cells
• lower concentration
• water added
• blows up like a “hippo”

Question 22

Hypertonic (4)

Answer 22

Describes the solution surrounding the cell that has a HIGHER concentration of solutes than the cells cytoplasm

• outside the cells
• higher concentration
• water taken away
• shrinks / shriveled

Question 23

Isotonic

Answer 23

Describes a solution surrounding a cell that has the same solute concentration as the cells cytoplasm

Question 24

Characteristics of living things (5)

Answer 24

• energy use
• growth
• homeostasis (ability to regulate temperatures)
• reproduction
• response to environment

Question 25

* What element forms the backbone for organic molecules? | * what type of bond is found in organic molecules ?

Answer 25

1. Have carbon based molecules | 2. Have at least one C-H bond

Question 26

Hypothesis vs Theory

Answer 26

A hypothesis is: A testifiable and falsifiable explanation for a scientific observation or question; an educated guess A theory is: a hypothesis that continues to hold up after many years of rigorous testing - are hypothesis that are supported by large bodies of studies

Question 27

Solute

Answer 27

A dissolved substance | Ex. Sugar in warm tea & water

Question 28

Solvent

Answer 28

A substance in which other substances can dissolve | Ex. Water

Question 29

Ionic bonds ***

Answer 29

* attraction between opposing charged ions * gave / took an ion * look at notes

Question 30

Covalent bonds ***

Answer 30

Atoms joined into a molecule - not as strong as ionic bonds * look at notes

Question 32

What is an aqueous solution

Answer 32

Jelly like

Question 33

How do ionic and covalent bonds act in aqueous solutions?

Answer 33

Ionic bonds are stronger than covalent bonds

Question 36

What is the difference between lipids and organic compounds ****

Answer 36

Lipids • are hydrophobic • dont have molymer/polymer compounds

Question 37

Selectively permeable

Answer 37

Only some things can pass through

Question 38

How is the nucleus separated from the rest of the cell

Answer 38

The nuclear envelope

Question 39

Vesicles

Answer 39

How molecules/cell products move between organelles of the endomembrane system

Question 40

What does ER stand for

Answer 40

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 41

Rough ER

Answer 41

Ribosomes on outer surface

Question 42

Smooth ER

Answer 42

- Lipid synthesis | - drug detox

Question 43

Golgi apparatus

Answer 43

Packages and transports proteins

Question 44

Lysosomes

Answer 44

Break-down worn-out molecules

Question 45

Cell theory

Answer 45

* everything is made up of cells | * every new cells comes from the division of a pre-existing cell

Question 46

What 3 factors affect whether molecules can pass through a plasma membrane

Answer 46

* size * charge * concentration radiant

Question 47

Give 3 examples of molecules that pass through the membrane easily

Answer 47

* water * oxygen * carbon dioxide

Question 48

Why are viruses not considered to be living

Answer 48

- not made up of cells | - cant reproduce

Question 49

Functions of the cytoskeletal system (3)

Answer 49

- cell support - cell movement - movement of structures within cells

Question 50

Examples of cytoskeletal structures

Answer 50

Cilia | Flagella

Question 51

Monomer (2)

Answer 51

One chemical subunit of a polymer Ex. Like 1 link in the chain

Question 52

Polymer (2)

Answer 52

A molecule made up of individual subunits, called monomers Ex. The chain (in entirety)

Question 53

Active transport (2)

Answer 53

Solutes are pumped from LOWER concentration to HIGHER with the help of transport proteins - requires energy

Question 54

Facilitated diffusion (2)

Answer 54

Large or hydrophilic solutes move across a membrane from HIGHER concentration to LOWER - WITH THE HELP OF TRANSPORT PROTEINS - requires no energy

Question 55

Simple diffusion (2)

Answer 55

The movement of small, uncharged solutes across a membrane from an area of HIGHER concentration to LOWER concentration - WITHOUT THE AID OF A TRANSPORT PROTEINS - requires no energy

Question 56

Osmosis

Answer 56

The diffusion of water across a membrane from an area of LOWER solute concentration to an area of HIGHER solute concentration

Question 57

Name 2 organelles that function in energy processing

Answer 57

* mitochondria | * chloroplast

Question 58

3 structures shared by all cells

Answer 58

* cell membrane * cytoplasm * ribosomes

Question 59

Which cell has a cell wall? | Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic

Answer 59

Prokaryotic

Question 60

Difference between plant and animal cells

Answer 60

Plants have - chloroplast - central vacuole Animals have - lysosomes

Question 61

Where does the energy in most ecosystems originate, and what organisms are able to harness it ?

Answer 61

1. Sun | 2. Plants

Question 62

What are 4 most common elements in living things ?

Answer 62

1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Lipids 4. Nucleic acid