Exam 3: Chapters 7,8,9

Question 1

Genome

Answer 1

One set of complete set of genetic instructions encoded in the DNA of an organism

Set of genetic instructions encoded in DNA

Question 2

Chromosome

Answer 2

Single DNA molecule wrapped around proteins

Question 3

Gene (3)

• instructions to make: ______
• are found in:_____

Answer 3

• Instructions to make proteins
• genes are found in chromosomes
• where proteins come from

Question 4

Locus

Answer 4

The specific position of a gene on a given chromosome

Question 5

Denaturation

Answer 5

When a protein lose its function

Question 6

Gene expression **

Answer 6

• Synthesis of a protein of a gene (limited)

- each cell only expresses (makes) the gene that it needs

Question 7

Transgenic organism **

Answer 7

Organisms that have been genetically modified to contain genes from other species
- made from spiders

Question 8

Tissue

Answer 8

An organized group of different cell types that work together to carry out a particular function

Question 9

Organ

Answer 9

Group of tissues that perform a specific function

Question 10

Organ system

Answer 10

Functionally related group of organs

Question 11

Chromatin

Answer 11

Chromosomes LOOSELY gathered in the nucleus

Question 12

Centromere

Answer 12

Where mitosis takes place

Question 13

Mitosis **

• division of _____ ______
• _____ are evenly _____
• ________ are _______
• takes place in the _____

Phases include (4)

Answer 13

• division of nuclear contents
• chromosomes are evenly divided
• sister chromatids are separated
• takes place in the centromere

Phases include:

1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase

Question 14

Cytokinesis

• division of _____
  _______ = _______
• each has a full complement of _____

Answer 14

• division of cytoplasm
• enlarged cell = 2 split cells
• each has a full complement of DNA
• 1 parents = 2 daughter cells

Question 15

Mutation ***

Answer 15

A change in the nucleotide sequence in DNA

Question 16

Innocence project

Answer 16

Used DNA as evidence to free people wrongly convicted of crimes

Question 17

Apoptosis

Answer 17

Happens if cells are not meeting the cell cycle check points

“Cell suicide”

Question 18

Where is the DNA in eukaryotic cells located

Answer 18

Nucleus

Question 19

Where does hydrogen bonding occur in a DNA molecule?

Answer 19

Between the nitrogen bases of the two strands of DNA

Question 20

What are the 4 nucleotide bases in DNA

Answer 20

• adenine (A)
• thymine (T)
• guanine (G)
• cytosine (C)
• A always pairs with T
• C always pairs with G

Question 21

How many chromosomes to humans have?

Answer 21

23 pairs (46 in total)

Question 22

When does DNA replication occur?

Answer 22

Before cell division (interphase)

Question 23

What is the basic mechanism and what two enzymes are involved ?

Answer 23

Basic mechanism:

• Semi conservative mechanism
• Both strands of the DNA are being replicated

2 enzymes involved:
PCR and STR

Question 24

Why is DNA replication considered semi- conservative

Answer 24

Because it produces two copies of the original DNA molecule

Question 25

Why does a cell NEED to replicate its DNA | Think about the statement “DNA is the hereditary molecule of a cell”

Answer 25

To make sure each new cell has the right amount of DNA

Question 26

What are the 2 main processes in creating a DNA fingerprint

Answer 26

1. Gel electrophoresis | 2. PCR

Question 27

***** STR

Answer 27

(Short tandem repeats) - are sections of a chromosome in which DNA sequences are repeated - (AGCT can be repeated)

Question 28

What determines a proteins shape

Answer 28

the sequence of Amino acids

Question 29

Why is a proteins shape important

Answer 29

It determines its function

Question 30

Structure for DNA

Answer 30

- double stranded - bases used: (T)(C)(A)(G) - DEOXYRIBOSE as the sugar (has different sugars)

Question 30

Structure for RNA

Answer 30

- single stranded - bases used: (U)(C)(A)(G) - RIBOSE as sugar (have different sugars)

Question 30

Transcription - key player in: _____ - Occurs in ____ of _____ organisms - And occurs in ____ of _____ organisms

Answer 30

- key player in DNA replication - occurs in nucleus of eukaryotic cells - occurs in cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells Ex: DNA: ATACCGAGCTAG RNA: UTUGGCUCGAUC

Question 30

Translation - key player in: _____ - Occurs in ____ in ______

Answer 30

- key player in DNA replication | - occurs in ribosomes in cytoplasm

Question 30

What are 3 types of RNA

Answer 30

1. Messenger RNA 2. RRNA 3. TRNA (transfer RNA)

Question 30

1. What is the complimentary pairing 2. What is the product of replication Ex: DNA: ATACCGAGCTAG

Answer 30

ATACCGAGCTAG | TATGGCTCGATC

Question 30

1. What is the result of transcription? 2. What is the complementary RNA strand? Ex: DNA: ATACCGAGCTAG

Answer 30

Ex: DNA: ATACCGAGCTAG RNA: UAUGGCUCGAUC

Question 31

What is another term for ”cell reproduction”

Answer 31

Cell division

Question 31

***** What are the main enzymes involved in replication (2) and transcription (1)

Answer 31

Replication 1. DNA replication 2. DNA helicase ? Transcription 1. DNA helicase

Question 31

**** Alternative RNA splicing

Answer 31

The non coding regions get cut off and the coding regions are put together in different ways. These result in different proteins

Question 32

Purpose of cell division (4)

Answer 32

- growth and development - cell replacement - heal wounds - asexual reproduction

Question 33

Why create a transgenic organism

Answer 33

Because scientist can use their genetically modified genes for other species

Question 34

5 types of asexual reproduction

Answer 34

1. Budding 2. Fragmentation 3. Vegetative 4. Propagation 5. Parthenogenesis

Question 35

Difference between sexual and asexual reproduction

Answer 35

Sexual reproduction involves sperm and egg. Asexual reproduction is everything else

Question 36

Cell cycle

Answer 36

- Ordered sequence of stages of a cells life - preparatory and division stages - 1 cell -> 2 identical cells

Question 37

What is a recombinant gene

Answer 37

The combination produced from regulatory and coding sequences (The output)

Question 38

What are 2 main parts of a gene

Answer 38

Regulatory sequence | Coding sequence

Question 38

Regulatory sequences

Answer 38

On-off switches for genes

Question 39

Coding sequences

Answer 39

Determine the identity of the protein

Question 41

Interphase - _____ between _____ - chromosomes are _____ ____ in the _____ - AKA: _____ - duplicated: _____,_____,______

Answer 41

- time between stages - chromosomes are loosely gathered in the nucleus - AKA preparatory phase - duplicated organelles, DNA, and cytoplasm

Question 43

Cell differentiation

Answer 43

That process by which a stem cell develops into a more specialized gene type Stem cell = specialized gene type

Question 44

Stem cells ***

Answer 44

Immature cells that divide and differentiate into specialized cell types Immature cells = specialized cell types

Question 45

4 stages of mitosis | Know what these look like in a graph

Answer 45

PMAT Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Question 46

Explain the relationship between BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations and cancer at an early age

Answer 46

When cells accumulate enough DNA damage to interfere with multiple checkpoints, the result is cancer

Question 47

How does cytokinesis differ between plants and animals

Answer 47

Plants: cell plate = cell wall Animals: cleavage furrow

Question 48

1. Why is cancer said to be a “disease of the cell cycle” | 2. Why is it also called a disease of the lifestyle

Answer 48

1. Because of its unregulated cell division | 2. Because of the decisions you must make in your lifestyle (smoking/not, UV light, diet, etc)

Question 49

Of inherited and acquired mutations, which type causes more cancer cases?

Answer 49

Acquired

Question 50

Silent mutations

Answer 50

- no change in amino acids | 3rd position of resulting codon

Question 51

Missense mutation

Answer 51

Point mutation, results in one amino acid change

Question 52

True or false Your cells will use most of their genes during their lifetime

Answer 52

False

Question 53

Frameshift

Answer 53

Reading frame of codons is shifted | Includes insertions and deletions

Question 54

1. What are 2 major types of stem cells and how are the obtained? 2. Which has been used to successfully treat human patients

Answer 54

1.Embryonic adult stem cells 2.Adult stem cells have been used to treat patients. Embryonic cells are used from embryonic development

Question 55

What 2 classes of genes in which mutations can lead to cancer

Answer 55

Proto-oncogenes Tumor suppressor genes

Question 57

Tumor suppressor genes

Answer 57

- normally pause cell division, repair DNA or initiate cell death - can be mutated ti become inactivated - Ex: BRCA1 and BRCA2 (Foot on brake)

Question 58

Malignant tumor

Answer 58

Cancerous tumor whose cells can spread over the body

Question 59

Benign tumors

Answer 59

(Later in life) Noncancerous tumor

Question 60

Does a single mutation usually lead to cancer

Answer 60

No - usually an accumulation of multiple mutations over time

Question 61

Proto-oncogenes

Answer 61

- Normally promote cell diffusion and differentiation - can be mutated to become permanently activated - oncogenes (Foot on gas pedal)