Exam 2: Chapters 4,5,6

Question 1

Energy (4)

Answer 1

• capacity to do work
• cannot be created or destroyed ONLY converted

includes process such as:

• building complex molecules
• moving substances in and out of cells

Question 2

Metabolism

Answer 2

All the chemical reactions occurring in the body

Question 3

Catabolic reactions

Answer 3

Break down larger structures into smaller ones

- requires energy

Question 4

Anabolic reactions

Answer 4

Builds new structures from smaller subunits (bond building)

Question 5

Macronutrients

Answer 5

Nutrients that organisms much ingest in large amounts to maintain health

• carbohydrates
• proteins
• lipids

Question 6

Autotrophs

Answer 6

(Producer)
Capture and transform the energy of sunlight by photosynthesis
(Ex: grass)

Question 7

Heterotrophs

Answer 7

(Consumer)
Obtain energy by eating other organisms
(Ex: bear)

Question 7

Byproduct

Answer 7

2 end products in an equation

Sunlight + water + carbon dioxide =
oxygen + glucose

• oxygen and glucose would be the byproduct

Question 9

What does it mean that enzymes are “substrate specific”

Answer 9

That enzymes can only bind to a specific substrate

Question 10

How are enzymes usually named

Answer 10

To their substrate

Ex: lactose ——-> lactase
Enzyme ^ ^ Substrate

Question 11

Name 2 enzyme inhibitors

Answer 11

• allosteric

- competitive

Question 12

Allosteric

Answer 12

Enzyme inhabitation by a molecule that causes the active site to change shape

Question 13

Competitive

Definition
Example

Answer 13

• enzyme inhibitation
  By an “imposter” molecules swainsonine

Ex: locoweed (ex: alien in speed dating example)
Ex: methyl alcohol

Question 14

Saturated fats

Answer 14

Products that come from animals
Ex: milk, ice cream, cheese, butter
- solid at room temperature

Question 15

Unsaturated fats

Answer 15

Products that dont come from animals 
- healthier of the two
Ex: vegetable oils, doughnuts
- liquid at room temperature 
- “fully hydrogenated”

Question 16

Proteins **

Answer 16

Are polymers constructed from amino acid monomers

• performs most tasks in our bodies
• structural
• storage
• movement
• transport
• enzymes

Question 17

Essential amino acids

Answer 17

Must be obtained through diet

Question 18

Complete proteins

Answer 18

Contains all 9 essential amino acids

Ex: meat

Question 19

Incomplete proteins

Answer 19

Vegetarians must be aware of what amino acids are found in which plant products.
Combining grain and legume will often yield a complete protein
Ex: plants

Question 20

How do animals and plants differ in terms of their main structural components?

Answer 20

Plants: carbohydrates
Animal: proteins

Question 21

Water soluble

Answer 21

Excreted in urine, excess is not harmful

Ex. Vitamin C

Question 22

Fat soluble

Answer 22

Excess stored in fat so can be harmful

Ex: vitamin K - harmful if overdosed

Question 23

Potential energy

Answer 23

Stored energy in the chemical bonds
- based on structure or position or location

Ex: setting a ball on a table and it rolling off
Ex: compressed spring jumping when you let it go
Ex: food
Ex: sunlight

Question 24

Kinetic energy

Answer 24

The energy of motion or movement

Ex: running

Question 25

Photosynthesis

Answer 25

Carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen

Question 26

Cellular respiration

Answer 26

Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water

Question 27

Body mass index

Answer 27

Estimates body fat based on height and weight

Question 29

How do enzymes catalyze (increase the rate of) reactions?

Answer 29

They first bind to a substrate. Where they bind to is called an active site. It is the process of speeding up the rate of chemical reaction

Question 30

Balanced diet includes (5)

Answer 30

``` Vegetables Oils Grains Meats Dairy products ```

Question 31

Malnutrition

Answer 31

Medical condition resulting from the lack of essential nutrients in the diet

Question 32

What is the role of carbohydrates in our body

Answer 32

give us energy

Question 33

What is a metabolic pathway ***

Answer 33

Series of steps in completing glycolysis Ex: light reaction in photosynthesis

Question 34

What is the different roles proteins play in our cells / bodies ?

Answer 34

Their shape or structure

Question 35

2 major classes of micronutrients

Answer 35

Cofactors | Coenzymes

Question 36

Cofactor

Answer 36

(Minerals) INORGANIC micronutrients required to activate an enzyme Ex: zinc, copper, iron

Question 37

Coenzymes

Answer 37

(Vitamin) Small ORGANIC molecules required to activate enzymes Ex: B-vitamins

Question 38

Fossil fuels

Answer 38

Fuels made up of remains from the dead Ex: oil, coal, natural gas

Question 39

What does it mean to say that ATP is the energy currency of the cell?

Answer 39

Because it breaks food down into subunits | Food = energy which can be converted into chemical or mechanical energy

Question 40

What are some examples of Dr. Levine’s nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) activities

Answer 40

Walking Shopping Cleaning Climbing stairs

Question 41

What are the three phases of cellular respiration

Answer 41

Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain

Question 42

Aerobic respiration ***

Answer 42

A series of reactions that converts stored food energy into ATP * occurs in the presence of oxygen * glycolysis * citric acid cycle * electron transport chain

Question 43

What is the role of fats in our body

Answer 43

They store our energy

Question 44

Glycolysis

Answer 44

* Occurs in the cytoplasm * input - sugar * output - smaller units (pyruvate)

Question 45

Citric acid cycle

Answer 45

* occurs in the matrix * input - * output - carbon dioxide

Question 46

Electron transport chain

Answer 46

* takes place in the mitochondria * input - * output - oxygen * produces most of the ATP

Question 47

What is the function of coenzymes such as | NAD+NADH & NADP+/NADPH*****

Answer 47

To carry (2) electrons and hydrogen

Question 48

What pigment is involved in photosynthesis

Answer 48

Chloroplasts

Question 49

Autotrophic organisms are found in which domains or kingdoms

Answer 49

Domain: eukaria & prokaria Kingdom: plant

Question 50

What is the direct mechanism of ATP synthesis during the elctron transport phase of cellular respiration ****

Answer 50

Facilitated different of hydrogen ions

Question 51

What is the potential energy source that drives ATP production ***

Answer 51

High concentration of hydrogen ions

Question 52

Describe two different symbiotic relationships that algae are involved in

Answer 52

Fungi and coral

Question 53

What is misleading about the following statement “plants gave chloroplasts that perform photosynthesis, whereas animals have mitochondria that perform cellular respiration”

Answer 53

Recognizable in the body

Question 54

What are 3 types of algae

Answer 54

Prokaryotes Phytoplankton Seaweed