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Pharmacology > Exam 1 Drugs > Flashcards

Exam 1 Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Class of Bethanechol

A

Muscarinic agonist
(Parasympatheomimetic agent)

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2
Q

Action of Bethanechol

A

Selective agonist at muscarinic cholinergic receptors

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3
Q

Therapeutic uses of Bethanechol

A

Urinary retention
Investigational gastrointestinal uses

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4
Q

Effect of Bethanechol on heart

A

Bradycardia

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5
Q

Effect of Bethanechol on lungs

A

Constriction of bronchi

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6
Q

Effect of Bethanechol on GI system

A

Increased tone and motility

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7
Q

Effect of Bethanechol on bladder

A

Contraction of detrusor muscle and relaxation of trigone and sphincter

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8
Q

Effect of Bethanechol on exocrine glands

A

Increased sweating, salivation, bronchial secretions, secretion of gastric acid

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9
Q

Effect of Bethanechol on eyes

A

Miosis (pupillary constriction)
Contraction of ciliary muscle (near sight)

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10
Q

Adverse effects of Bethanechol

A

Hypertension
Increased tone and motility of GI system
Exacerbation of asthma
Dysrhythmias in patients with hyperthyroidism

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11
Q

Class of Atropine

A

Muscarinic antagonist
(Anticholinergic drug, parasympatholytic drug, antimuscarinic drug, muscarinic blocker)

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12
Q

Action of Atropine

A

Muscarinic receptor blockade

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13
Q

Effect of atropine on heart

A

Increases heart rate

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14
Q

Effect of atropine on lungs

A

Relaxes bronchi

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15
Q

Effect of atropine on GI system

A

Decreases tone and motility

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16
Q

Effect of atropine on bladder

A

Decreases tone of detrusor muscle

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17
Q

Effect of atropine on exocrine glands

A

Decreases secretions

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18
Q

Effect of atropine on eye

A

Mydriasis and cycloplegia (paralysis of ciliary muscle of the eye)

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19
Q

Effects of atropine on CNS

A

Mild excitation to hallucinations and delirium

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20
Q

Therapeutic uses of atropine

A

Overactive bladder (urge incontinence)
Preanesthetic medication
Disorders of the eye
Bradycardia
Intestinal hypertonicity and hyper motility
Muscarinic agonist poisoning
Peptic ulcer disease
Asthma (can be harmful, rarely used)
Biliary colic

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21
Q

Adverse effects of atropine

A

Xerostomia
Blurred vision and photophobia
Elevation of intraocular pressure
Urinary retention
Constipation
Anhidrosis (no sweat)
Tachycardia
Asthma

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22
Q

Class of Scopolamine

A

Muscarinic antagonist

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23
Q

Action of Scopolamine

A

Much like atropine except:
Produces sedation rather than excitation
Suppresses emesis and motion sickness, atropine does not

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24
Q

Class of Oxybutynin

A

Muscarinic antagonist

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25
Q

Use for Oxybutynin

A

Overactive bladder

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26
Q

Toxicology of muscarinic antagonists

A

(Hot & dry)
Dry mouth
Blurred vision
Photophobia
Hyperthermia
CNS effects
Hot, dry, flushed skin
Death from respiratory depression

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27
Q

Treatment for muscarinic antagonist toxicity

A

Physostigmine (antidote)
(Inhibits acetylcholinesterase)

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28
Q

Class of epinephrine

A

Adrenergic agonist - catecholamine
(alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2 receptors)

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29
Q

Therapeutic uses of epinephrine

A

Delays absorption of local anesthetic
Controls superficial bleeding (vasoconstricts)
Elevates blood pressure
Mydriasis during ophthalmologic procedures
Overcomes AV block
Restores cardiac function in arrest
Bronchial dilation in asthma
Treatment of choice for anaphylactic shock

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30
Q

Adverse effects of epinephrine

A

Hypertensive crisis: vasoconstriction as a result of excessive alpha1 activation
Dysrhythmias
Angina pectoris
Hyperglycemia
Necrosis following extravasating (to reverse: inject with phentolamine, an alpha-adrenergic antagonist)

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31
Q

Class of norepinephrine

A

Adrenergic agonist - catecholamine
(Alpha1, Alpha2, Beta1)

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32
Q

Therapeutic uses of norepinephrine

A

Hypotensive states
Cardiac arrest

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33
Q

Adverse effects of norepinephrine

A

Necrosis with extravasation
(Differs from epi, does not promote hyperglycemia)

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34
Q

Class for Isoproterenol

A

Adrenergic agonist (catecholamine)
(Beta1 & Beta2)

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35
Q

Therapeutic uses of Isoproterenol

A

Cardiovascular (AV heart block, cardiac arrest)

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36
Q

Adverse effects of Isoproterenol

A

Tachydysrhythmias
Angina pectoris
Hyperglycemia in diabetics

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37
Q

Class of dopamine

A

Adrenergic agonists - (catecholamine)
(Dopamine & beta1 - high doses: alpha1, beta1)

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38
Q

Adverse effects of dopamine

A

Necrosis with extravasation

39
Q

Class of albuterol

A

Adrenergic agonist (noncatecholamine)
(Beta2)

40
Q

Uses of albuterol

A

Asthma

41
Q

Adverse effects of albuterol

A

Minimal at therapeutic doses
Activates beta1 receptors at higher dose
Tremor (most common)
Tachycardia

42
Q

Class of Prazosin (Minipress)

A

Alpha Adrenergic antagonist
(Selective blockade of Alpha1 adrenergic receptors)

43
Q

Uses of Prazosin (Minipress)

A

Hypertension
BPH in men

44
Q

Adverse effects of Prazosin (Minipress)

A

Orthostatic hypotension (blocking alpha1 receptors causing vasodilation)
Reflex tachycardia
Nasal congestionn

45
Q

Class of Tamsulosin (flomax)

A

Alpha-adrenergic antagonist
(Selective blockade of alpha1 receptors)

46
Q

Use of Tamsulosin (flomax)

A

BPH

47
Q

Class of phentolamine (OraVerse, Regitine)

A

Alpha-adrenergic antagonist

48
Q

Uses of phentolamine

A

Prevention of tissue necrosis after extravasation of drugs that produce alpha1-mediated vasoconstriction (such as norepinephrine)

49
Q

Class of Propranolol (Inderal)

A

Beta adrenergic antagonist
(Nonselective - affects beta1 and beta2)

50
Q

Uses of propranolol (inderal)

A

Hypertension
MI
Angina

51
Q

Adverse effects of propranolol (Inderal)

A

Bradycardia
AV heart block
Heart failure
Rebound cardiac excitation
Bronchoconstriction
Inhibition of glycogenolysis
CNS effects

52
Q

Drug interactions of Propanolol (Inderal)

A

Calcium channel blockers
Insulin

53
Q

Class of Metoprolol (Lopressor)

A

Beta adrenergic antagonist
(Selective blockade of beta1 receptors in heart)
*Not likely to cause bronchoconstriction or Hypoglycemia)

54
Q

Class of Clonidine (Catapres)

A

Indirect-acting antiadrenergic agent
(Centrally acting alpha2 agonist)

55
Q

Action of Clonidine (Catapres)

A

Selective activation of alpha2 receptors in CNS to decrease sympathetic outflow to blood vessels and the heart

56
Q

Uses of Clonidine (Catapres)

A

Hypertension (most common)
Severe pain
ADD (sometimes)

57
Q

Class of Methylodopa (Aldomet)

A

Indirect-acting antiadrenergic agents
(Centrally acting alpha2 agonist)

58
Q

Action of methyldopa

A

Alpha2 activation to decrease BP by acting at sites within CNS

59
Q

Use of methyldopa

A

Hypertension
*Preferred drug for management of hypertension during pregnancy

60
Q

Class of Levodopa

A

Dopaminergic agent
(Promotes activation of dopamine receptors)

61
Q

Action of levodopa

A

Reduces symptoms of PD by increasing dopamine synthesis (production)
(Levodopa crosses BBB and is converted to dopamine)
Restores balance between dopamine and ACh

62
Q

Adverse effects of levodopa

A

Nausea/vomiting
Postural hypotension
Psychosis, visual hallucinations, vivid dreams/nightmares, paranoia
Anxiety/agitation
Memory/cognitive impairment
Behavioral changes
Darkens sweat and urine
Activates malignant melanoma
Dyskinesias (worsened movement disorders)

63
Q

Drug interactions of Levodopa

A

First generation antipsychotic drugs
MAOIs
Anticholinergic drugs

64
Q

Food interactions of levodopa

A

High protein

65
Q

Use of phenytoin (Dilantin)

A

Focal-onset and tonic-clonic seizures

66
Q

Action of phenytoin (dilantin)

A

Selective inhibition of sodium channels

67
Q

Therapeutic range of dilantin

A

10-20 mcg/mL

68
Q

Adverse effects of dilantin

A

Nystagmus
Sedation
Ataxia
Diplopia
Cognitive impairment
Skin rash
Gingival hyperplasia
Purple glove syndrome (IV)

69
Q

Drug interactions of dilantin

A

Decreases effects of:
Oral contraceptives
Warfarin
Glucocorticoids

Increases levels of:
Diazepam
Isoniazid
Cimetidine
Alcohol
Valporic acid

70
Q

Uses of Tegretol

A

Epilepsy
Bipolar disorder
Trigeminal and Glossopharyngeal neuralgias

71
Q

Action of Tegretol

A

Suppresses high frequency neuronal discharge in and around seizure foci

72
Q

Adverse effects of Tegretol

A

Very similar to those of dilantin:
Nystagmus and ataxia
Leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia
High risk of spina bifida
Hypoosmolarity
Rash and photosensitivity

73
Q

Food drug interactions of Tegretol

A

Grapefruit juice

74
Q

Uses of valproic acid

A

Seizure disorders
Bipolar disorder
Migraines (in small doeses)

75
Q

Adverse effects of valproic acid

A

GI effects
Hepatotoxicity/liver failure
Pancreatitis
Teratogenic effects

76
Q

Uses of phenobarbital

A

Seizures
Sedation
Induction of sleep

77
Q

Action of phenobarbital

A

Reduces seizures w/o causing sedation
Anticonvulsant barbiturate
Potentiative the effects of GABA

78
Q

Actions of morphine

A

Receptors involved
Pain relief
Drowsiness
Mental clouding
Anxiety reduction
Sense of well being

79
Q

Use of morphine

A

Relief of moderate to severe pain (postoperative pain, L&D, chronic pain - cancer)
Dull constant pain rather than sharp intermittent

80
Q

Adverse effects of morphine

A

Respiratory depression
Constipation
Orthostatic hypotension
Cough suppression
Biliary colic
Emesis
Urinary retention
Euphoria/Dysphagia
Sedation
Miosis (pupils constrict)
Neurotoxicity
Intracranial pressure
Birth defects
Dependency

81
Q

Drug interactions of morphine

A

CNS depressants, anticholinergic drugs
Hypotensive drugs, monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Agonist-antagonist opioids

82
Q

Clinical manifestations of morphine toxicity

A

Coma
Respiratory depression
Pinpoint pupils

83
Q

Treatment for morphine toxicity

A

Ventilatory support
Antagonist (naloxone)

84
Q

Potency of fentanyl

A

100 times the potency of morphine

85
Q

Action of codiene

A

10% converts to morphine in the liver

86
Q

Uses of codiene

A

Pain and cough suppression

87
Q

Administration of codeine

A

Usually oral
(Alone or with aspirin or acetaminophen)

88
Q

Actions of oxycodone

A

Analgesic actions equivalent to those of codene

89
Q

Administration of hydrocodone

A

Combined with aspirin, acetaminophen, or ibuprofen

90
Q

Use of Talwin

A

Mild to moderate pain

91
Q

Action of Talwin

A

Agonist at kappa receptors
Antagonist at mu receptors

92
Q

Adverse effects of Talwin

A

Similar to morphine
But respiratory depression is limited, does not produce euphoric effects

93
Q

Class of naloxone

A

Opioid antagonist

94
Q

Uses of naloxone

A

Reversal of opioid overdoes
Reversal of postoperative opioid effects
Reversal of neonatal respiratory depression

Pharmacology (16 decks)

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