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Pharmacology > Exam 3 Drugs > Flashcards

Exam 3 Drugs Flashcards

(214 cards)

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1
Q

Prototype for loop diuretics

A

Furosemide (Lasix)

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2
Q

Mechanism of action of Furosemide

A

Acts on ascending loop of Henle to block reabsorption

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3
Q

Pharmacokinetics of furosemide

A

Rapid onset
PO: 60 min
IV: 5 min

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4
Q

Therapeutic uses of furosemide

A

Pulmonary edema
Edematous states
Hypertension

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5
Q

Adverse effects of furosemide

A

Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, dehydration
Hypotension - volume loss, relaxation of venous smooth
muscle
Hypokalemia
Ototoxicity
Hyperglycemia
Hyperuricemia

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6
Q

Can furosemide be used during pregnancy?

A

No, because it’s too risky when trying to balance fluid/electrolytes of both mom and baby

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7
Q

What do we have to pay particular attention to when giving furosemide? Why?

A

Potassium levels

We have to expect pt to lose potassium when giving furosemide, bc it’s pulling fluid out of the body

But it must stay in it’s normal range b/c if it gets too low or high, pt will have cardiac rhythm issues.

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8
Q

Drug interactions for furosemide

A

Digoxin
Ototoxic drugs
Potassium-sparing diuretics
Lithium
Antihypertensive agents
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

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9
Q

Administration of furosemide

A

Oral or parenteral

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10
Q

How should furosemide be given IV?

A

Must be given slowly, over at least 2 min
Giving fast can cause hearing loss

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11
Q

3 other types of loop diuretics

A

Ethacrynic acid (Edecrin)
Bumetanide (Bumex)
Torsemide (Demadex)

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12
Q

Another name for Thiazides and Related Diuretics

A

Benzothiadiazides

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13
Q

Effects of Thiazides and related diuretics

A

Similar to those of loop diuretics:
- Increase renal excretion of sodium, chloride, potassium, and water
- Elevate levels of uric acid and glucose

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14
Q

Differences between thiazides and loop diuretics

A

Diuresis is considerably lower than that produced by loop diuretics
Not effective when urine flow is scant (unlike loop diuretics)

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15
Q

Prototype Thiazide

A

Hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL)

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16
Q

Pharmacokinetics of hydrochlorothiazide

A

Peaks in 4-6 hrs

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17
Q

Therapeutic uses of hydrochlorothiazide

A

HTN
Edema
Diabetes insipidus (helps with hormonal issues from diabetes)

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18
Q

Adverse effects of hydrochlorothiazide

A

Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and dehydration
Hypokalemia
Hyperglycemia
Hyperuricemia
Impact on lipids, calcium, and magnesium

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19
Q

Effect of hydrochlorothiazide on breast feeding

A

Enters breast milk

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20
Q

Drug interactions for hydrochlorothiazide

A

Digoxin
Augments effects of hypertensive meds
Can reduce renal excretion of lithium (leading to accumulation)
NSAIDs may blunt diuretic effect
(Can be combined with ototoxic agents without increased risk of hearing loss)

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21
Q

Prototype for potassium-sparing diuretics

A

Spironolactone (Aldactone)

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22
Q

Mechanism of action for Spironolactone

A

Blocks aldosterone in the distal nephron
Retention of potassium
Increased excretion of sodium

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23
Q

Therapeutic uses of spironolactone

A

HTN
Edematous states
Heart failure (decreased mortality in severe failure)
Primary hyperaldosteronism

Can be used for hormonal issues:
Premenstrual syndrome
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Acne in young women

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24
Q

Adverse effects of spironolactone

A

Hyperkalemia
Benign and malignant tumors
Endocrine effects

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25
Drug interactions of spironolactone
Thiazide and loop diuretics Agents that raise potassium levels
26
Two other potassium sparing diuretics
Triamterene (Dyrenium) Amiloride (Midamor)
27
Prototype for osmotic diuretics
Mannitol (Osmitrol)
28
Action of Mannitol
Promotes diuresis by creating osmotic force within lumen of the nephron
29
Pharmacokinetics of Mannitol
Must be given parenterally
30
Therapeutic uses of Mannitol
Prophylaxis of renal failure Reduction of intracranial pressure Reduction of intraocular pressure
31
Adverse effects of Mannitol
Edema Headache N & V Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
32
Drug class of Digoxin (Lanoxin)
Cardiac (Digitalis) Glycosides
33
Effects of Digoxin (Lanoxin)
Positive inotropic action on the heart Increases the force of ventricular contraction Increases myocardial contractility
34
Hemodynamic benefits of Digoxin
Increased cardiac output: - Decreased sympathetic tone - Increased urine production - Decreased renin release
35
Adverse effects of Digoxin (Lanoxin)
Cardiac dysrhythmias (predisposing factors= Hypokalemia elevated digoxin level, and heart disease) Nausea Vomiting Anorexia Fatigue Visual impairments (seeing halos)
36
Therapeutic range of digoxin
0.5-0.8 ng/mL
37
When should digoxin be held?
If pt’s heart rate is <60, notify provider and hold drug
38
Drug interactions of digoxin (Lanoxin)
Diuretics ACE inhibitors and ARBs Sympathomimetics Quinidine Verapamil
39
Half life of Digoxin (Lanoxin)
About 1.5 days
40
Most effective group of drugs to lower LDL cholesterol
HMG-CoA Reductase inhibitors (Statins)
41
Which drug class does Lovastatin (Mevacor) belong to?
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
42
Therapeutic uses of Statins
Hypercholesterolemia Primary and secondary prevention of CV events Post-MI therapy Diabetes
43
Common adverse effects of statins
Headache Rash GI disturbances
44
Rare adverse effects of statins
Myopathy/rhabdomyolysis Hepatotoxicity
45
Drug interactions of statins
Most other lipid-lowering drugs (except bile acid sequestrants) Drugs that inhibit CYP3A4 Use in pregnancy
46
Dosing of statins
Should be once daily, in the evening
47
Which class does Colesevelam (Welchol) belong to?
Bile-Acid Sequestrants
48
Benefits to Colesevelam (Welchol)
Newest and better-tolerated drug Does not decrease uptake of fat-soluble vitamins Does not significantly reduce the absorption of statins, warfarin, digoxin, and most other drugs
49
Use of Colesevelam (Welchol)
Reduces LDL cholesterol (with modified diet and exercise)
50
Adverse effects of Colesevelam (Welchol)
Constipation
51
Bile-Acid sequestrant with more serious side effects
Ezetimibe (Zetia)
52
Which class is Gemfibrozil (Lopid) in?
Fibric Acid Derivatives (Fibrates)
53
Actions of Gemfibrozil (Lopid)
Decrease plasma TG content Decrease VLDL levels Increase HDL cholesterol
54
Drug interactions of Gemfibrozil (Lopid)
Displaces warfarin from plasma albumin (Must measure INR frequently)
55
Uses of Gemfibrozil (Lopid)
Reduces high levels of VLDLs (in pts who have not responded to diet modification)
56
Adverse effects of Gemfibrozil (Lopid)
Rashes Myopathy Gastrointestinal disturbances Gallstones Liver injury
57
3 families of antianginal agents
Organic nitrates Beta blockers Calcium channel blockers
58
Which class does nitroglycerin belong to?
Organic nitrates
59
Uses of nitroglycerin
Acute anginal therapy Sustained anginal therapy Perioperative control of BP Treatment of heart failure with MI Unstable angina Uncontrolled exacerbations of chronic angina
60
Which drug class does isosorbide mononitrate (Imdur) belong to?
Organic nitrates
61
Which drug class does isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil) belong to?
Organic nitrates
62
Which drug class does propanolol (inderal) belong to?
Beta blockers
63
Which drug class does metoprolol (Lopressor) belong to?
Beta blockers
64
Use of propranolol and metoprolol
Decrease cardiac oxygen demand
65
Adverse effects of propranolol and metoprolol
Bradycardia Decreased AV conduction Reduction of contractility Asthmatic effects (Use with caution in pts with diabetes) Insomnia - bizarre dreams Sexual dysfunction - depression
66
Which drug class does verapamil belong to?
Calcium channel blockers
67
Which drug class does diltiazem belong to?
Calcium channel blockers
68
Which drug class does nifedipine belong to?
Calcium channel blockers
69
Adverse effects of calcium channel blockers
Dilation of peripheral arterioles Reflex tachycardia Hypotension Beta blockers Bradycardia Heart failure AV block
70
Action of Heparin
Enhances antithrombin Rapid-acting anticoagulant
71
Administration of unfractionated heparin
Injection only IV (continuous and intermittent) Deep subQ
72
Therapeutic uses of unfractionated heparin
Preferred anticoagulant during pregnancy Pulmonary embolism Stroke evolving Massive DVT Open heart surgery Renal dialysis Low-dose therapy postoperatively Disseminated intravascular coagulation Adjunct to thrombolytic therapy
73
Adverse effects of unfractionated heparin
Hemorrhage Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia Hypersensitivity reactions
74
When is unfractionated heparin contraindicated?
Thrombocytopenia Uncontrollable bleeding During and immediately after surgery of eye, brain, or spinal cord
75
Antidote for OD of heparin
Protamine sulfate
76
What should be measured to determine if a pt has enough unfractionated heparin?
Activated partial thromboplastin tine (aPTT)
77
Therapeutic uses of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins
Prevention of DVT following surgery Treatment of established DVT Prevention of ischemic complications
78
Administration of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins
SubQ Dosage based on body weight
79
Adverse effects and interactions of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins
Bleeding (but less than with unfractionated heparin) Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia Severe neurologic injury for pts undergoing spinal puncture of spinal epidural anesthesia
80
What drug group does Enoxaparin (lovenox) belong to?
Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins
81
Which drug class does Dalteparin (Fragmin) belong to?
Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins
82
Action of Warfarin (Coumadin)
Oral anticoagulant
83
Use of Warfarin (Coumadin)
Oral anticoagulant with delayed onset Vitamin K antagonist Blocks synthesis of factors VII, IX, and X and prothrombin *Long-term prophylaxis of thrombosis - associated with PE - thromboembolism in pts with prosthetic heart valves - thrombosis during atrial fibrillation Not useful in emergencies
84
What is monitored when a pt is taking warfarin?
Prothrombin time (PT) Internal normalized ration (INR)
85
Adverse effects of Warfarin
Hemorrhage Fetal hemorrhage and teratogenesis during pregnancy
86
What should be given for toxicity of warfarin?
Vitamin K
87
Drug interactions with warfarin
Drugs that increase anticoagulant effects Drugs that promote bleeding Drugs that decrease anticoagulant effects Heparin Aspirin Acetaminophen
88
Which drug class does etexilate (Pradaxa) belong to?
Direct thrombin inhibitors
89
Which drug class does Bivalirudin (Angiomax) belong to?
Direct thrombin inhibitors
90
Mechanism of action of Bivalirudin (Angiomax)
Facilitates the actions of antithrombin Prevents conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin Prevents activation of factor XIII
91
Use of Bivalirudin (Angiomax)
Prevents clot formation (combined with aspirin) in pts with unstable angina who are undergoing coronary angioplasty
92
Adverse effects of Bivalirudin (Angiomax)
Bleeding Back pain Nausea Headache
93
Which class of drugs does Lepirudin (Refludan) belong to?
Direct thrombin inhibitors
94
What is Lepirudin (Refludan) used for?
Argatroban: IV anticoagulant Direct inhibition of thrombin Prophylaxis and treatment of thrombosis in pts with HIT
95
Which drug class does Rivaroxanan (Xarelto) belong to?
Selective Factor Xa Inhibitors
96
Uses of Rivaroxanan (Xarelto)
Binds directly with factor Xa to cause inactivation Oral, prevention of DVT and PE after ortho surgery Prevention of stroke in pts with atrial fibrillation
97
Adverse effects of Rivaroxanan (Xarelto)
Bleeding (esp head bleeds)
98
Which drug class does aspirin belong to?
Antiplatelet drugs
99
Therapeutic uses of aspirin (ASA)
Ischemic stroke Transient ischemic attack Chronic stable angina Unstable angina Coronary stunting Acute MI Previous MI Primary prevention of MI
100
Adverse effects of aspirin
Bleeding GI bleeding and hemorrhagic stroke
101
Which drug class does Clopidogrel (Plavix) belong to?
Antiplatelet drugs
102
Therapeutic uses of Clopidogrel (Plavix)
Prevents blockage of coronary artery stents Reduce thrombotic events in pts with acute coronary syndromes
103
Which drug class does Vorapaxar (Zontivity) belong to?
Antiplatelet drugs
104
Which drug class does Tirofiban (Aggrastat) belong to?
Antiplatelet drugs (GP IIb/IIa receptor antagonists)
105
Which group of drugs does Eptifibatide (Integrilin) belong to?
Antiplatelet drugs (GP IIb/IIa receptor antagonists)
106
Action of Eptifibatide (Integrilin)
Causes reversible and highly selective inhibition of GP IIb/IIIa receptors
107
Uses of Eptifibatide (Integrilin)
ACS Patients undergoing PCI Antiplatelet effects reverse within 4 hours of stopping infusion
108
Which drug class does Alteplase (tPa) belong to?
Thrombolytic Fibrinolytic Drugs
109
Therapeutic uses of Alteplase (tPa)
MI Ischemic stroke PE
110
Major adverse effect of Alteplase
Bleeding (esp intracranial bleeding) (Recent wounds, needle puncture sites, invasive procedure sites)
111
All post MI patients should take:
Beta blocker ACE inhibitor Antiplatelet drug or anticoagulant
112
Two groups of calcium channel blockers
Dihydropyridines Non-Dihydropyridines
113
Sites of action of dihydropyridines
Act primarily on arterioles
114
Sites of action for non-dihydropyridines
Act on arterioles and on the heart
115
2 drugs in non-dihydropyridines group of CCBs
Verapamil Diltiazem (Cardizem)
116
Action of Verapamil
Block calcium channels in blood vessels and act on vascular smooth muscle and the heart
117
Hemodynamic effects of verapamil
Direct effects on the heart and blood vessels Reflex effects
118
5 direct hemodynamic effects of verapamil
1. Reduces arterial pressure 2. Increases coronary perfusion 3. Reduces heart rate 4. Decreases AV nodal conduction 5. Decreases force of contraction
119
Indirect hemodynamic effects of verapamil
Baroreceptor reflex
120
Net effects of verapamil
Little or no effect on cardiac performance *Vasodilation accompanied by reduced arterial pressure and increased coronary perfusion
121
Therapeutic uses of verapamil
Angina pectoris (Vasospastic & angina of effort) Essential hypertension (first line agent) Cardiac dysrhythmias
122
Adverse effects of verapamil
*Constipation (most common complaint) * Dizziness, facial flushing, headache Edema of ankles and feet Gingival hyperplasia Heart block
123
How can a pt relieve constipation from taking verapamil
Increasing dietary fiber and fluids
124
Drug interactions of verapamil
Digoxin Beta-adrenergic blocking agents
125
What occurs with toxicity of verapamil
Severe hypotension Bradycardia and AV block Ventricular Tachydysrhythmias
126
Actions of Diltiazem
Blocks calcium channels in the heart and blood vessels Lowers blood pressure (Arteriolar dilation, direct suppressant/reflex cardiac stimulation = little net effect on the heart)
127
Therapeutic uses of Diltiazem
Angina pectoris HTN Cardiac dysrhythmias
128
Adverse effects of Diltiazem
Similar to verapamil (except less constipation) Dizziness, flushing, headache Edema of ankles and feet Exacerbates *bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome, heart failure, and second-or third- degree heart block
129
Drug interactions of Diltiazem
Digoxin Beta-adrenergic blocking agents
130
Which drug class does nifedipine belong to?
Dihydropyridines (CCBs)
131
Action of Nifedipine (Procardia)
Vasodilation by blocking calcium channels Blocks in vascular smooth muscle Very little blockade of heart Ca channels
132
What can Nifedipine (Procardia) not be used to treat?
Dysrhythmias
133
Indirect effects of nifedipine
Lowered BP activates baroreceptor reflex
134
Net effect of Nifedipine causing vasodilation by blocking calcium channels
Lowered BP Increased HR Increased contractile force
135
Therapeutic uses of Nifedipine
Angina pectoris HTN
136
Adverse effects of Nifedipine
Flushing Dizziness Headache Peripheral edema Gingival hyperplasia Chronic eczematous rash in older patients *Reflex tachycardia = increased O2 demand, so can cause increased pain for angina patients
137
What can Nifedipine be combined with to prevent reflex tachycardia?
Beta blocker
138
Action of ACE inhibitors
Decrease levels of angiotensin II and can dilate vessels Increase levels of bradykinin, dilation can cause cough
139
Therapeutic uses of ACE inhibitors
Hypertension Heart failure MI Diabetic and nondiabetic nephropathy Prevention of MI, stroke, and death in pts at high cardiovascular risk
140
Adverse effects of ACE inhibitors
First-dose hypotension Cough Angioedema Hyperkalemia Dysgeusia and rash Renal failure Neutropenia Fetal harm
141
Drug interactions of ACE inhibitors
Diuretics Antihypertensive agents Drugs that raise potassium levels Lithium Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
142
How are ACE inhibitors administered?
Orally, expect for Enalapril (Vasotec)
143
Actions of ARBs
Block access of angiotensin II Cause dilation of arterioles and veins Prevent angiotensin II from inducing pathologic changes in cardiac structure Reduce excretion of potassium Decrease release of aldosterone Increase renal excretion of sodium and water Do not inhibit kinase II Do not increase levels of bradykinin
144
Therapeutic uses of ARBs
HTN Heart failure MI Diabetic nephropathy If unable to tolerate ACE inhibitors: Protection against MI, stroke, and death from CV causes in high risk pts
145
Adverse effects of ARBs
Angioedema Fetal harm Renal failure
146
Which drug class does Captopril (Capoten) belong to?
ACE inhibitors
147
Which drug class does Enalapril (Vasotec) belong to?
ACE inhibitors
148
Which drug class does Lisinopril (Prinivil) belong to?
ACE inhibitors
149
Which drug class does Losartan (Cozaar) belong to?
ARBs
150
Which drug class does Valsartan (Diovan) belong to?
ARBs
151
Which drug class does Telmisartan (Micardia) belong to?
ARBs
152
Which drug class does Aliskiren (Tekturna) belong to?
Direct renin inhibitors
153
Action of Aliskiren (Tekturna)
Binds tightly with renin and prevents division of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
154
Adverse effects of Aliskiren (Tekturna)
Angioedema Cough GI effects Hyperkalemia Fetal injury
155
Which drug class does Eplerenone (Inspra) belong to?
Aldosterone antagonists
156
Mechanism of action of Eplerenone (Inspra)
Selective blockade of aldosterone receptors
157
Therapeutic uses of Eplerenone (Inspra)
HTN Heart failure
158
Adverse effects of Eplerenone (Inspra)
Hyperkalemia
159
Drug interactions of Eplerenone (Inspra)
Inhibitors of CYP3A4 Drugs that raise potassium levels Use with caution when combined with lithium
160
Which drug class does spironolactone (Aldactone) belong to?
Aldosterone antagonists
161
Mechanism of action of spironolactone (Aldactone)
Blocks aldosterone receptors Binds with receptors for other steroid hormones
162
Therapeutic uses of spironolactone (Aldactone)
HTN Heart failure
163
Adverse effects of spironolactone (Aldactone)
Hyperkalemia Gynecomastia Menstural irregularities Impotence Hirsutism Deepening of the voice
164
Which drug class does Hydralazine (Apresoline) belong to?
Vasodilators
165
Action of Hydralazine (Apresoline)
Selective dilation of arterioles (Postural hypotension is minimal)
166
Therapeutic uses of Hydralazine (Apresoline)
Essential hypertension Hypertensive crisis Heart failure
167
Adverse effects of Hydralazine (Apresoline)
Reflex tachycardia Increased blood volume Systemic lupus erythematous-like syndrome Headache Dizziness Weakness Fatigue
168
Drug interactions of Hydralazine (Apresoline)
Other antihypertensive agents Avoid excessive hypotension Combined with beta blocker to protect against reflex tachycardia and diuretics to prevent sodium and water retention and expansion of blood volume
169
Which drug class does Minoxidil (Loniten) belong to?
Vasodilators
170
Action of Minoxidil (Loniten)
Selective dilation of arterioles More intense dilation than Hydralazine but causes more adverse reactions
171
Use of Minoxidil (Loniten)
Severe HTN that is unresponsive to safer drugs
172
Adverse effects of Minoxidil (Loniten)
Reflex tachycardia Sodium and water retention Hypertrichosis (hair growth) Pericardial effusion
173
Drug class of sodium nitroprusside (Nitropress)
Vasodilator
174
Action of sodium nitroprusside (Nitropress)
Fastest-acting antihypertensive agent Causes venous and arteriolar dilation
175
Administration and onset of sodium nitroprusside (Nitropress)
IV infusion (CCU) Immediate onset (BP returns to pretreatment level in minutes when stopped)
176
Use of sodium nitroprusside (Nitropress)
Hypertensive emergencies
177
Adverse effects of sodium nitroprusside (Nitropress)
Excessive hypotension Cyanide poisoning Thiocyanate toxicity
178
What is Levothyroxine?
Synthetic T4
179
Treatment of a thyrotoxic crisis (thyroid storm)
Potassium iodide Methimazole Beta blocker Sedation Cooling Glucocorticoids IV fluids
180
Drug of choice for hypothyroidism
Levothyroxine (Synthroid)
181
Half life of Levothyroxine (Synthroid)
7 days
182
When should Levothyroxine be administered?
In the morning at least 30-60 mins before breakfast
183
First line drug for hyperthyroidism
Methimazole (Tapazole)
184
Which class does Methimazole (Tapazole) belong to?
Thionamides
185
How long does Methimazole (Tapazole) take to fully work?
3-12 weeks
186
Uses of Methimazole (Tapazole)
Used alone for grave’s disease Or with radiation therapy Or before thyroid gland surgery
187
Class for Propylthiouracil (PTU)
Thionamides
188
Action of PTU
Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis
189
Half life of PTU
90 mins
190
How long before full effects of PTU?
6-12 months
191
Uses of PTU
Grave’s disease With radiation therapy Before thyroid surgery Thyrotoxic crisis
192
Adverse effects of PTU
Agranulocytosis (most serious) Hypothyroidism Pregnancy and lactation *Severe liver damage
193
Use of radioactive iodine
Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s disease)
194
Half life of radioactive iodine
8 days
195
How long until full effects of radioactive iodine?
2-3 months
196
Use of Lugol’s solution
Suppress thyroid function in preparation for thyroidectomy
197
Use of beta blockers for Grave’s disease
Can suppress tachycardia and other symptoms
198
Glucose for prediabetes pts
Impaired fasting glucose between 100-125 mg/dL Impaired glucose tolerance test (Pt is at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes)
199
Common target values of blood glucose for diabetic patients
80-130 mg/dL before meals <180 mg/dL 1-2 hours after meals
200
Goal for A1C for diabetic patients
Below 7%
201
Type of insulin, onset, and duration: Insulin lispro (Humalog)
Short-duration, rapid-acting Onset: 15-30 mins Peak: .5-2.5 hours Duration: 3-6 hours
202
Type of insulin, onset, peak, and duration: Insulin aspart (NovoLog)
Short-duration, rapid-acting Onset: 10-20 mins Peak: 1-3 hours Duration: 3-5 hours
203
Type of insulin, onset, peak, and duration: Insulin glulisine (Apidra)
Short duration, rapid acting Onset: 10-15 mins Peak: 1-1.5 hours Duration: 3-5 hours
204
Type of insulin, onset, peak, and duration: Regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R)
Short duration, short acting Onset: 30-60 mins Peak: 1-5 hours Duration: 10 hours
205
Type of insulin, onset, peak, and duration: NPH insulin (Humulin N, Novolin N)
Intermediate duration Onset: 60-120 mins Peak: 6-14 hours Duration: 16-20 hours
206
Type of insulin, onset, peak, and duration: Insulin glargine (Lantus)
Long duration Onset: 70 mins Duration 18-24 hours
207
Type of insulin, onset, peak, and duration: Insulin detemir (Levemir)
Long duration Onset: 60-120 mins Duration: 12-24 hours
208
Type of insulin, onset, peak, and duration: Insulin glargine (Toujeo)
Ultra long duration: 24 hours
209
Which insulins can you mix?
NPH with short acting insulins (Draw short-acting insulin up first)
210
Adverse effects of insulin treatment
Hypoglycemia Hypokalemia Lipohypertrophy Allergic reactions
211
Class for Metformin (Glucophage)
Biguanides
212
Use of metformin (Glucophage)
Drug of choice for prevention of T2DM Gestational diabetes PCOS
213
Side effects of metformin (Glucophage)
GI disturbances Lactic acidosis (potentially fatal, rare)
214
Characteristics of diabetic ketoacidosis
Hyperglycemia Ketoacids Hemoconcentration Acidosis Coma

Pharmacology (16 decks)

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