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Pharmacology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define neuropharmacology

A

The study of drugs that alter processes controlled by the nervous system

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2
Q

Two categories neuropharmacology is divided into

A

PNS drugs
CNS drugs

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3
Q

Main divisions of the PNS

A

Somatic motor system
Autonomic motor system

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4
Q

Divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic
Sympathetic

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5
Q

3 basic functions of the autonomic nervous system

A

Regulate heart
Regulate secretory glands
Regulate smooth muscles

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6
Q

7 basic functions of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

(Slowing down, rest and digest)
- slowing heart rate
- increasing gastric secretions
- emptying the bladder
- emptying the bowel
- focusing the eye for near vision
- constricting the pupil
- contracting the bronchial smooth muscle

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7
Q

What do parasympathetic nervous system drugs help with?

A

Digestion of food
Excretion of waste
Control of vision
Conservation of energy

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8
Q

3 main functions of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Regulation of cardiovascular system
Regulation of body temperature
Implementation of fight or flight reaction

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9
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system regulate the cardiovascular system?

A

Maintaining blood flow to the brain
Redistributing blood
Compensating for the loss of blood

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10
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system regulate body temperature?

A

Regulates blood flow to skin
Promotes secretion of sweat
Induces piloerection (erection of hair)

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11
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system implement the fight or flight reaction?

A

Increasing heart rate and blood pressure
Shunting blood away from skin and viscera
Dilating bronchi
Dilating pupils
Mobilizing stored energy

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12
Q

Example of dual innervation (where sympathetic and parasympathetic are opposed)

A

Heart rate

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13
Q

Example of dual innervation (where sympathetic and parasympathetic are complementary)

A

Erection/ejaculation

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14
Q

Example of innervation and regulation by only one division: sympathetic nervous system

A

Blood vessels

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15
Q

What is feedback regulation?

A

Allows system to adjust by responding to incoming information

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16
Q

Example of feedback regulation

A

Baroreceptor reflex - helps regulate blood pressure
(Baroreceptors are located in carotid sinus and aortic arch)

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17
Q

What is autonomic tone?

A

The steady, day to day influence exerted by the ANS on a particular organ or organ system

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18
Q

Function of autonomic tone

A

Provides a basal level of control over whichever branch of the ANS has the most influence
(aka predominant tone in organs that are controlled by both the SNS & PNS)

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19
Q

What is the predominant tone in most organs?

A

The parasympathetic nervous system

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20
Q

What is the predominant tone in the vascular system?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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21
Q

Two categories of receptors in the Peripheral nervous system

A

Cholinergic receptors
Adrenergic receptors

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22
Q

What are cholinergic receptors mediated by?

A

Acetylcholine

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23
Q

What are adrenergic receptors mediated by?

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

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24
Q

What are the neurotransmitters of the PNS?

A

Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine

25
Q

Where are acetylcholine neurotransmitters employed?

A

At most junctions of the PNS

26
Q

Where are norepinephrine neurotransmitters released?

A

By most postganglionic neurons

27
Q

Where are epinephrine neurotransmitters released?

A

By the adrenal medulla

28
Q

Cholinergic receptor subtypes

A

Nicotinic(N)
Nicotinic(M)
Muscarinic

29
Q

Function of nicotinic(N) receptors
Where are they located?

A

Activate neural activity
In ganglia of the ANS

30
Q

Function of Nicotinic(M) receptors
Where are they located?

A

Activate muscular activity
At neuromuscular junctions

31
Q

Function of muscarinic receptors
Where are they located?

A

Activate muscarinic receptors at organs
On organs regulated by PNS

32
Q

Types of adrenergic receptors

A

Alpha1
Alpha2
Beta1
Beta2

33
Q

What do alpha1 receptors control?

A

Vasoconstriction
Contraction of bladder neck and prostate

34
Q

Where are alpha2 receptors located?

A

In presynaptic junction

35
Q

Where are beta1 receptors located?

A

Heart
Kidneys

36
Q

Function of beta1 receptors in the heart

A

Increase heart rate
Increase force of contraction
Increase velocity of conduction in AV node

37
Q

Function of beta1 receptors in the kidney

A

Renin release

38
Q

Function of beta2 receptors

A

Bronchial dilation
Relaxation of uterine muscle
Vasodilation
Glycogenolysis

39
Q

Function of dopamine receptors

A

Dilate renal blood vessels

40
Q

Which adrenergic neurotransmitters are activated by epinephrine?

A

All alpha and all beta receptors

41
Q

Which adrenergic neurotransmitters are activated by norepinephrine?

A

Alpha1
Alpha2
Beta1

42
Q

Which adrenergic neurotransmitters are activated by dopamine?

A

Alpha1
Beta1
Dopamine

43
Q

What are cholinergic drugs?

A

Agents that influence the activity of cholinergic receptors

44
Q

How to most cholinergic drugs work?

A

Most mimic or block the actions of acetylcholine

45
Q

Function of cholinesterase inhibitors

A

Prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine

46
Q

How do muscarinic agonists work?

A

By direct interaction with muscarinic receptors

47
Q

What is another name for muscarinic agonists?

A

Parasympathomimetic agents (mimics something in the parasympathetic nervous system)

48
Q

Prototype drug for muscarinic agents

A

Bethanechol (Urecholine)

49
Q

Action of Bethanechol (Urecholine)

A

Selective agonist at muscarinic cholinergic receptors

50
Q

Effects bethanechol has on the body

A

Heart - bradycardia
Lungs - constriction of bronchi
GI system - increased tone and motility
Bladder - contraction of detrusor muscle and relaxation of trigone and sphincter
Exocrine glands - increased secretions
Eye - miosis (pupillary constriction) & contraction of ciliary muscle (for near vision)

51
Q

Therapeutic uses of bethanechol

A

Urinary retention
Investigational gastrointestinal uses

52
Q

Adverse effects of bethanechol

A

Hypertension
Increased tone and motility of GI system (nausea, diarrhea)
Exacerbation of asthma
Dysrhythmias in patients with hyperthyroidism

53
Q

Other names for drugs that are muscarinic antagonists

A

Anticholinergic drugs
Parasympatholytic drugs
Antimuscarinic drugs
Muscarinic blockers

54
Q

Function of anticholinergic drugs

A

Competitively block the actions of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors

55
Q

Where are muscarinic antagonists located?

A

Most are on structures innervated by parasympathetic nerves

56
Q

Prototype for muscarinic antagonists

A

Atropine

57
Q

Action of atropine

A

Affects muscarinic receptor blockade

58
Q

Effects of atropine on the body

A

Heart - increases heart rate
Lungs - relaxes bronchi
GI system - decreases tone and motility
Bladder - decreases tone of detrusor muscle
Exocrine glands - decreases secretions
Eye - Mydriasis and cycloplegia (paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye)
CNS - mild excitation to hallucinations and delirium

Pharmacology (16 decks)

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