Exam 2

Question 1

Define neuropharmacology

Answer 1

The study of drugs that alter processes controlled by the nervous system

Question 2

Two categories neuropharmacology is divided into

Answer 2

PNS drugs
CNS drugs

Question 3

Main divisions of the PNS

Answer 3

Somatic motor system
Autonomic motor system

Question 4

Divisions of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 4

Parasympathetic
Sympathetic

Question 5

3 basic functions of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 5

Regulate heart
Regulate secretory glands
Regulate smooth muscles

Question 6

7 basic functions of the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 6

(Slowing down, rest and digest)
- slowing heart rate
- increasing gastric secretions
- emptying the bladder
- emptying the bowel
- focusing the eye for near vision
- constricting the pupil
- contracting the bronchial smooth muscle

Question 7

What do parasympathetic nervous system drugs help with?

Answer 7

Digestion of food
Excretion of waste
Control of vision
Conservation of energy

Question 8

3 main functions of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 8

Regulation of cardiovascular system
Regulation of body temperature
Implementation of fight or flight reaction

Question 9

How does the sympathetic nervous system regulate the cardiovascular system?

Answer 9

Maintaining blood flow to the brain
Redistributing blood
Compensating for the loss of blood

Question 10

How does the sympathetic nervous system regulate body temperature?

Answer 10

Regulates blood flow to skin
Promotes secretion of sweat
Induces piloerection (erection of hair)

Question 11

How does the sympathetic nervous system implement the fight or flight reaction?

Answer 11

Increasing heart rate and blood pressure
Shunting blood away from skin and viscera
Dilating bronchi
Dilating pupils
Mobilizing stored energy

Question 12

Example of dual innervation (where sympathetic and parasympathetic are opposed)

Answer 12

Heart rate

Question 13

Example of dual innervation (where sympathetic and parasympathetic are complementary)

Answer 13

Erection/ejaculation

Question 14

Example of innervation and regulation by only one division: sympathetic nervous system

Answer 14

Blood vessels

Question 15

What is feedback regulation?

Answer 15

Allows system to adjust by responding to incoming information

Question 16

Example of feedback regulation

Answer 16

Baroreceptor reflex - helps regulate blood pressure
(Baroreceptors are located in carotid sinus and aortic arch)

Question 17

What is autonomic tone?

Answer 17

The steady, day to day influence exerted by the ANS on a particular organ or organ system

Question 18

Function of autonomic tone

Answer 18

Provides a basal level of control over whichever branch of the ANS has the most influence
(aka predominant tone in organs that are controlled by both the SNS & PNS)

Question 19

What is the predominant tone in most organs?

Answer 19

The parasympathetic nervous system

Question 20

What is the predominant tone in the vascular system?

Answer 20

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 21

Two categories of receptors in the Peripheral nervous system

Answer 21

Cholinergic receptors
Adrenergic receptors

Question 22

What are cholinergic receptors mediated by?

Answer 22

Acetylcholine

Question 23

What are adrenergic receptors mediated by?

Answer 23

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

Question 24

What are the neurotransmitters of the PNS?

Answer 24

Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine

Question 25

Where are acetylcholine neurotransmitters employed?

Answer 25

At most junctions of the PNS

Question 26

Where are norepinephrine neurotransmitters released?

Answer 26

By most postganglionic neurons

Question 27

Where are epinephrine neurotransmitters released?

Answer 27

By the adrenal medulla

Question 28

Cholinergic receptor subtypes

Answer 28

Nicotinic(N) Nicotinic(M) Muscarinic

Question 29

Function of nicotinic(N) receptors Where are they located?

Answer 29

Activate neural activity In ganglia of the ANS

Question 30

Function of Nicotinic(M) receptors Where are they located?

Answer 30

Activate muscular activity At neuromuscular junctions

Question 31

Function of muscarinic receptors Where are they located?

Answer 31

Activate muscarinic receptors at organs On organs regulated by PNS

Question 32

Types of adrenergic receptors

Answer 32

Alpha1 Alpha2 Beta1 Beta2

Question 33

What do alpha1 receptors control?

Answer 33

Vasoconstriction Contraction of bladder neck and prostate

Question 34

Where are alpha2 receptors located?

Answer 34

In presynaptic junction

Question 35

Where are beta1 receptors located?

Answer 35

Heart Kidneys

Question 36

Function of beta1 receptors in the heart

Answer 36

Increase heart rate Increase force of contraction Increase velocity of conduction in AV node

Question 37

Function of beta1 receptors in the kidney

Answer 37

Renin release

Question 38

Function of beta2 receptors

Answer 38

Bronchial dilation Relaxation of uterine muscle Vasodilation Glycogenolysis

Question 39

Function of dopamine receptors

Answer 39

Dilate renal blood vessels

Question 40

Which adrenergic neurotransmitters are activated by epinephrine?

Answer 40

All alpha and all beta receptors

Question 41

Which adrenergic neurotransmitters are activated by norepinephrine?

Answer 41

Alpha1 Alpha2 Beta1

Question 42

Which adrenergic neurotransmitters are activated by dopamine?

Answer 42

Alpha1 Beta1 Dopamine

Question 43

What are cholinergic drugs?

Answer 43

Agents that influence the activity of cholinergic receptors

Question 44

How to most cholinergic drugs work?

Answer 44

Most mimic or block the actions of acetylcholine

Question 45

Function of cholinesterase inhibitors

Answer 45

Prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine

Question 46

How do muscarinic agonists work?

Answer 46

By direct interaction with muscarinic receptors

Question 47

What is another name for muscarinic agonists?

Answer 47

Parasympathomimetic agents (mimics something in the parasympathetic nervous system)

Question 48

Prototype drug for muscarinic agents

Answer 48

Bethanechol (Urecholine)

Question 49

Action of Bethanechol (Urecholine)

Answer 49

Selective agonist at muscarinic cholinergic receptors

Question 50

Effects bethanechol has on the body

Answer 50

Heart - bradycardia Lungs - constriction of bronchi GI system - increased tone and motility Bladder - contraction of detrusor muscle and relaxation of trigone and sphincter Exocrine glands - increased secretions Eye - miosis (pupillary constriction) & contraction of ciliary muscle (for near vision)

Question 51

Therapeutic uses of bethanechol

Answer 51

Urinary retention Investigational gastrointestinal uses

Question 52

Adverse effects of bethanechol

Answer 52

Hypertension Increased tone and motility of GI system (nausea, diarrhea) Exacerbation of asthma Dysrhythmias in patients with hyperthyroidism

Question 53

Other names for drugs that are muscarinic antagonists

Answer 53

Anticholinergic drugs Parasympatholytic drugs Antimuscarinic drugs Muscarinic blockers

Question 54

Function of anticholinergic drugs

Answer 54

Competitively block the actions of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors

Question 55

Where are muscarinic antagonists located?

Answer 55

Most are on structures innervated by parasympathetic nerves

Question 56

Prototype for muscarinic antagonists

Answer 56

Atropine

Question 57

Action of atropine

Answer 57

Affects muscarinic receptor blockade

Question 58

Effects of atropine on the body

Answer 58

Heart - increases heart rate Lungs - relaxes bronchi GI system - decreases tone and motility Bladder - decreases tone of detrusor muscle Exocrine glands - decreases secretions Eye - Mydriasis and cycloplegia (paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye) CNS - mild excitation to hallucinations and delirium