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Clinical Medicine > Exam 1 Flashcards > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

White blood cell count

A

Normal range is 4500-11000
less than 4500, light exercises
less than 1000, wear a mask, no exercise, usually very sick

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2
Q

Platelet count

A

Normal 150,000-400,000
less than 20,000, no exercise

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3
Q

Hypoglycemia symptoms

A

less than 70, Diaphoresis, tachycardia, increased respiratory rate, hypotension, inability to follow commands, tingling, visual changes, seizures & unresponsiveness.

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4
Q

hyperglycemia symptoms

A

greater than 250, risky for exercise. greater than 300, ketoacidosis. other symptoms include Lethargy, acetone breath, dehydration, polyuria, thirst, lethargy, confusion, nausea, vomiting, weak rapid pulse, deep rapid labored breathing.

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5
Q

glucose ranges

A

normal, 4.0%-6.0%
good glucose control, 2.5%-5.9%
fair glucose control, 6.0%-7.0%
poor glucose control, greater than 7.0%

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6
Q

RNA virus (Covid, flu, common cold)

A

Direct cytopathic effect, disrupts integrity of the nucleus and cell membrane

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7
Q

DNA virus (hep B, herpes, small box, HPV)

A

indirect cytopathic effect, viral encoded proteins attach to cell membrane, integration into cellular genome

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8
Q

Injury from bacteria

A

release exotoxins and endotoxins that cause cell lysis, inflammatory reaction induced in the host, sepsis

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9
Q

types of atrophy

A

Disuse atrophy (reversible), pressure atrophy, endocrine atrophy, senile atrophy (aging)

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10
Q

Apoptosis

A

non pathologic, programmed cell death, cells shrink (blebs), phagocytosis without inflammation

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11
Q

Necrosis

A

Cells have died and do trigger inflammatory response

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12
Q

coagulation necrosis

A

anoxia caused by a blocked artery
(heart and kidney)

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13
Q

Liquefaction Necrosis

A

pyogenic bacteria invasion with
formation of purulent exudate (abscess)

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14
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

necrosis of diseased tissue with a more
solid mass (lungs)

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15
Q

Enzymatic fat necrosis

A

usually associated with the pancreas or pancreatitis

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16
Q

gangrenous necrosis

A

gangrene

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17
Q

Sub-Lethal cellular adaptations

A

Atrophy, Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia

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18
Q

sub-lethal

A

reversible, preservation of the nucleus, biochemical changes in the cell

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19
Q

lethal

A

necrosis, non-reversible. Changes in the nucleus of a cell and cell membrane is disrupted

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20
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells, 40 to 45% of blood volume, responsible for oxygen delivery

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21
Q

Leukocytes

A

white blood cells, found in blood and lymphatic systems

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22
Q

Neutrophils

A

most numbers, first responders, phagocytosis

23
Q

monocytes

A

largest, phagocytosis

24
Q

eosinophils

A

allergies, parasitic infections

25
Q

basophils

A

allergic histamine response

26
Q

Megakaryocytes

A

platelets, formed in bone marrow, smallest of the blood cells, respond, transform, and adhere to one another

27
Q

3 steps of hemostasis

A

vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, formation of a fibrin clot (coagulation)

28
Q

lymphatic system

A

supports circulatory system, transports white blood cells, absorption, protection, manufacture of stem cells and white blood cells

29
Q

too few red blood cells can cause…

A

anemia, feelings of coldness and symptoms of tiredness and weakness

30
Q

too few white blood cells can cause…

A

being more susceptible to illness and infection

31
Q

too few platelet count in the body can cause…

A

excessive bleeding and bruising, increases risk of internal bleeding and heart attack

32
Q

too many red blood cells can cause…

A

thicker blood which can lead to strokes, tissue damage, or organ damage

33
Q

too many white blood cells can cause…

A

usually means you have infection or inflammation in your body, could also indicate certain blood cancers or bone marrow disorders

34
Q

too many platelets in the body can cause…

A

blood clots to form in your blood vessels

35
Q

Nucleolus function

A

Synthesizes rRNA and assemble ribosomes

36
Q

Ribosomes function

A

essential to protein synthesis

37
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

major collection and dispatch station of protein products received from the endoplasmic reticulum

38
Q

lysosomes

A

digests compounds inside and outside the cell

39
Q

11 organ systems

A

Integumentary, muscular, endocrine, lymphatic, digestive, reproductive, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary system.

40
Q

PT (Prothrombin Time)/INR (Internationalized Normal Ratio)

A

to evaluate proper anticoagulation

INR normal= 0.8-1.2 (blood clotting normally)

Higher INR means increased risk of bleeding, lower INR means increased risk of clotting

41
Q

D-Dimer

A

blood test, measures D-dimer, a protein fragment made when blood clots dissolve in the body

42
Q

Calcium

A

Tested to rule out kidney or bone disease, normal ranges are 9-11 mg/dl, use patient symptoms to determine exercise activity

43
Q

Electrolytes - magnesium

A

Magnesium normal= 1.5 to 2.5 mEg/L, if hypo, check for EKG changes and consult a physician for appropriateness.

44
Q

Electrolytes - Chloride

A

Normal is 95-105, no activity guidelines, use vital signs and monitor consciousness

45
Q

Electrolytes - Potassium

A

maintains homeostasis, normal is 3.6 - 5.8, greater than 5.8 or less than 2.5 check with a physician prior to working with patient

46
Q

Electrolytes - sodium

A

normal is 135 - 140, no activity guidelines, use vital signs

47
Q

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

A

evaluates kidney function, normal is 10-20 mg/dL

Liver damage= decreased urea
excessive protein breakdown= increased urea

48
Q

creatinine

A

waste product of muscle metabolism, filtered by kidneys, elevated means impaired kidney function

49
Q

Hemoglobin (Hgb)

A

normal 12-16 for females
normal 13-18 for males
8-10 light exercise to tolerance
less than 8, no exercise

50
Q

Hematocrit (Hct)

A

men is 40 to 54%; for women it is 36 to 48%

30%-32% - resistance as tolerated
greater than 25% - light exercise
less than 25% - no exercise

51
Q

Albumin - Alb

A

protein in blood, carrier for hormones and enzymes

Normal is 3.4-5.0
less than 2.5, no exercise

52
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticula

A

Synthesis of proteins and cell membrane

53
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticula

A

Synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, regulation of calcium concentration and detoxification of drugs

54
Q

Anemia

A

Symptoms: easily fatigued, weakness, muscle cramping, Dyspnea, rapid pulse

Rehab implications: rest periods, frequent vital sign checks

CBC-RBC
-Normal 4.1 to 5.1 (female)
-Normal 4.5 to 5.3 (male)
Less than 4.1 results in symptoms

Clinical Medicine (15 decks)

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