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Exam 1 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

White blood cell count

A

Normal range is 4500-11000
less than 4500, light exercises
less than 1000, wear a mask, no exercise, usually very sick

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2
Q

Platelet count

A

Normal 150,000-400,000
less than 20,000, no exercise

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3
Q

Hypoglycemia symptoms

A

less than 70, Diaphoresis, tachycardia, increased respiratory rate, hypotension, inability to follow commands, tingling, visual changes, seizures & unresponsiveness.

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4
Q

hyperglycemia symptoms

A

greater than 250, risky for exercise. greater than 300, ketoacidosis. other symptoms include Lethargy, acetone breath, dehydration, polyuria, thirst, lethargy, confusion, nausea, vomiting, weak rapid pulse, deep rapid labored breathing.

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5
Q

glucose ranges

A

normal, 4.0%-6.0%
good glucose control, 2.5%-5.9%
fair glucose control, 6.0%-7.0%
poor glucose control, greater than 7.0%

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6
Q

RNA virus (Covid, flu, common cold)

A

Direct cytopathic effect, disrupts integrity of the nucleus and cell membrane

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7
Q

DNA virus (hep B, herpes, small box, HPV)

A

indirect cytopathic effect, viral encoded proteins attach to cell membrane, integration into cellular genome

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8
Q

Injury from bacteria

A

release exotoxins and endotoxins that cause cell lysis, inflammatory reaction induced in the host, sepsis

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9
Q

types of atrophy

A

Disuse atrophy (reversible), pressure atrophy, endocrine atrophy, senile atrophy (aging)

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10
Q

Apoptosis

A

non pathologic, programmed cell death, cells shrink (blebs), phagocytosis without inflammation

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11
Q

Necrosis

A

Cells have died and do trigger inflammatory response

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12
Q

coagulation necrosis

A

anoxia caused by a blocked artery
(heart and kidney)

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13
Q

Liquefaction Necrosis

A

pyogenic bacteria invasion with
formation of purulent exudate (abscess)

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14
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

necrosis of diseased tissue with a more
solid mass (lungs)

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15
Q

Enzymatic fat necrosis

A

usually associated with the pancreas or pancreatitis

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16
Q

gangrenous necrosis

A

gangrene

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17
Q

Sub-Lethal cellular adaptations

A

Atrophy, Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia

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18
Q

sub-lethal

A

reversible, preservation of the nucleus, biochemical changes in the cell

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19
Q

lethal

A

necrosis, non-reversible. Changes in the nucleus of a cell and cell membrane is disrupted

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20
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells, 40 to 45% of blood volume, responsible for oxygen delivery

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21
Q

Leukocytes

A

white blood cells, found in blood and lymphatic systems

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22
Q

Neutrophils

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A

most numbers, first responders, phagocytosis

23
Q

monocytes

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A

largest, phagocytosis

24
Q

eosinophils

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A

allergies, parasitic infections

25
basophils
allergic histamine response
26
Megakaryocytes
platelets, formed in bone marrow, smallest of the blood cells, respond, transform, and adhere to one another
27
3 steps of hemostasis
vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, formation of a fibrin clot (coagulation)
28
lymphatic system
supports circulatory system, transports white blood cells, absorption, protection, manufacture of stem cells and white blood cells
29
too few red blood cells can cause...
anemia, feelings of coldness and symptoms of tiredness and weakness
30
too few white blood cells can cause...
being more susceptible to illness and infection
31
too few platelet count in the body can cause...
excessive bleeding and bruising, increases risk of internal bleeding and heart attack
32
too many red blood cells can cause...
thicker blood which can lead to strokes, tissue damage, or organ damage
33
too many white blood cells can cause...
usually means you have infection or inflammation in your body, could also indicate certain blood cancers or bone marrow disorders
34
too many platelets in the body can cause...
blood clots to form in your blood vessels
35
Nucleolus function
Synthesizes rRNA and assemble ribosomes
36
Ribosomes function
essential to protein synthesis
37
Golgi apparatus
major collection and dispatch station of protein products received from the endoplasmic reticulum
38
lysosomes
digests compounds inside and outside the cell
39
11 organ systems
Integumentary, muscular, endocrine, lymphatic, digestive, reproductive, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary system.
40
PT (Prothrombin Time)/INR (Internationalized Normal Ratio)
to evaluate proper anticoagulation INR normal= 0.8-1.2 (blood clotting normally) Higher INR means increased risk of bleeding, lower INR means increased risk of clotting
41
D-Dimer
blood test, measures D-dimer, a protein fragment made when blood clots dissolve in the body
42
Calcium
Tested to rule out kidney or bone disease, normal ranges are 9-11 mg/dl, use patient symptoms to determine exercise activity
43
Electrolytes - magnesium
Magnesium normal= 1.5 to 2.5 mEg/L, if hypo, check for EKG changes and consult a physician for appropriateness.
44
Electrolytes - Chloride
Normal is 95-105, no activity guidelines, use vital signs and monitor consciousness
45
Electrolytes - Potassium
maintains homeostasis, normal is 3.6 - 5.8, greater than 5.8 or less than 2.5 check with a physician prior to working with patient
46
Electrolytes - sodium
normal is 135 - 140, no activity guidelines, use vital signs
47
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
evaluates kidney function, normal is 10-20 mg/dL Liver damage= decreased urea excessive protein breakdown= increased urea
48
creatinine
waste product of muscle metabolism, filtered by kidneys, elevated means impaired kidney function
49
Hemoglobin (Hgb)
normal 12-16 for females normal 13-18 for males 8-10 light exercise to tolerance less than 8, no exercise
50
Hematocrit (Hct)
men is 40 to 54%; for women it is 36 to 48% 30%-32% - resistance as tolerated greater than 25% - light exercise less than 25% - no exercise
51
Albumin - Alb
protein in blood, carrier for hormones and enzymes Normal is 3.4-5.0 less than 2.5, no exercise
52
Rough endoplasmic reticula
Synthesis of proteins and cell membrane
53
Smooth endoplasmic reticula
Synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, regulation of calcium concentration and detoxification of drugs
54
Anemia
Symptoms: easily fatigued, weakness, muscle cramping, Dyspnea, rapid pulse Rehab implications: rest periods, frequent vital sign checks CBC-RBC -Normal 4.1 to 5.1 (female) -Normal 4.5 to 5.3 (male) Less than 4.1 results in symptoms

Clinical Medicine (15 decks)

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