Exam 1: Lecture 2: Macronutrients Flashcards
1
Q
What is a complete and balanced diet?
A
Meets all essential nutrient needs and in an appropiate ratio
EX: Ca:P
2
Q
Define essential nutrients
A
needs to be supplied in the diet
3
Q
Define non-essential nutrients
A
doesnt need to be supplied in the diet because the animal can make it
4
Q
Define conditionally essential nutrients
A
nutrients needed in certain conditions
EX: stage of life
5
Q
T/F: nutrients can be deficient or excess (toxic) causing adverse effects on health
A
true
6
Q
T/F: For theraputic diets, nutrients may be increased or decreased compared to current (maintenance) diet
A
true
7
Q
The following are examples of?
- feeding a phosphorus deficient diet to help slow down progression of chronic kidney disease
- enhancing omega-3 fatty acids to suport joint health
A
Theraputic diet
8
Q
Define Macronutrients
A
nutrients that make up a relatively large proportion of diets
9
Q
Define micronutrients
A
nutrients that make up a smaller portion of the diet
10
Q
What is the most important nutrient for all animals?
A
WATER
11
Q
What are the 3 groups of macronutrients that make up large portions of the diet
A
- protein
- fat/lipid
- carbohydrates
12
Q
What are the 2 groups of micronutrients that make up a smaller portion of the diet
A
- vitamins
- minerals
(macrominerals or microminerals)
13
Q
What do macronutrients do?
A
source of essential amino acids
- protein
- lipid/fat
- carbohydrates
14
Q
Protein is a source of essential ?
A
amino acids
15
Q
Lipids/fats is a source of essential?
A
fatty acids
16
Q
T/F: Carbohydrates are essential for herbivores
A
true
17
Q
T/F: carbohydrates are essential for dogs.cats?
A
False, they are not technically essential
18
Q
What is the benefit of carbohydrates in dogs/cats
A
play an important role in GI health +/- blood glucose maintenance
19
Q
What do macronutrients do?
A
source of energy (calories)
20
Q
______ generated from anerobic and aerobic metabolism
A
ATP
21
Q
How is ATP generated from anaerobic metabolism using the glycolysis cycle?
A
carbohydrates
22
Q
How is ATP generated from aerobic metabolism using the TCA cycle?
A
- protein
- lipid
- carbohydrates
23
Q
Do proteins, lipids/fats, and carbohydrates yield the same amount of energy?
A
no
24
Q
Out of the 3 which is the most energy dense?
- protein
- lipids/fats
- carbohydrates
A
lipids
25
_______=. complex structures composed of amino acids connected by peptide bonds
proteins
26
________= nitrogen containing molecules
amino acids
27
What is the purpose of protein?
- muscle
- hormones
- enzymes
- plasma oncotic pressure
- acid/base balance
- energy substrate (aerobic, also gluconeogenic amino acids especially for the cat)
28
In order list the species that have the lest protein requirements to those that have the highest protein requirement
- Dogs, humans, cats
humans - least
dog
cat - most
29
What is the formula to calculate crude protein
Nitrogen x 6.25
30
T/F: Does crude protein differentiate between amino acids and non-amino acids nitrogen?
no
31
Urea is an example of what type of nitrogen?
non-amino acid nitrogen
32
Animal and plant protein is an example of what type of nitrogen
amino acid nitrogen
33
What is a good quality protein?
- Rich essential amino acid
- Highly dogestible and bioavailable
34
What are the essential amino acids we have to know for the course?
Phenlyalanine
Methionine
Arginine
Lysine
Taurine
35
The first limiting amino acid is?
Lysine
36
Which essential amino acid is important for cats because they do make enough?
Taurine
37
Are "byproducts" a source of protein?
Yes, animal based byproducts are
- provide the largest amount of protein
38
What are byproducts?
animal organs instead of skeletal products used in food
39
Can plants be a good source of protein?
Yes, for omnivores
For carnivores, its tricky
40
Grains such as gluten and legumes such as soy and lentiles are examples of?
Plants being a good source of protein
41
How can you tell if protein (especially essential amino acids) intake is adequate?
- **Muscle condition score**
- serum albumin
compare the current diet to requirements
42
Examples of deficiency syndromes are?
- **Muscle loss**
- decreased growth rate
- weight loss
- anemia
- poor hair coat + decreased color
- dilated cardiomyopathy + retinopathy (taurine)
43
What is the purpose of lipids/fats
- energy substrate (aerobic)
- lipid membranes
- fat soluble vitamin absorption
- neurologic and rentinal development
44
What are the 3 types of lipids?
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Free fatty acids
45
What are the structures that make up a triglyceride?
glycerol and 3 fatty acids
46
Fatty acids are characterized by?
the number of double bonds
47
Define Saturated fatty acids
0 double bonds
- single bonds only
48
Define unsaturated fatty acids
monosaturated and polysaturated bonds
49
What is a monosaturated unsaturated FA?
1 double bone
50
What is a polyunsaturated unsaturated FA?
2 + double bonds
51
T/F: All essential fatty acids are monounsaturated fatty acids acids?
FALSE!!
All essential fatty acids are polyunsaturated FA
52
Polyunsaturated FA (PUFAs) are further characterized by?
the number and location of double bonds
53
Linoleic acids and Arachidonic acids are under which type of PUFAs
Omega 6
54
Alpha linolenic acid, EPA, DHA are part of which PUFAs
Omega 3
55
Are omega 3's or omega 6's anti-inflammatory?
Omega 6's
56
Where is the 1st double bond for Omega 6 located from the methyl end (CH3)
6th carbon
57
Where is the 1st double bond for Omega 3 located from the methyl end (CH3)
3rd carbon bond
58
T/F: Fatty acids can also be characterized by their length?
true
59
Define short chain FA
- Volatile fatty acids (VFA's)
- less than 6 carbons
- Produced by GI microbes
60
Define Medium chained fatty acids
- 6 - 12 carbons
- coconut oil (source)
61
Define long chain fatty acids
- 13 - 21 carbons
- Essential fatty acid are all long chain
62
T/F: Essential fatty acids are all long chain?
true
63
Is the following essential for dogs, cats, or both?
- Linoleic Acid
both
64
Is the following essential for dogs, cats, or both?
- Arachidonic acid
cats
this E-FA is the 1 reason why dogs/cat food is not good for one another
65
Is the following essential for dogs, cats, or both?
- Alpha linolenic acid
dogs
66
Is the following essential for dogs, cats, or both?
- EPA + DHA
both
67
How are lipids absorbed and transported to different tissues
68
How are leaves a source of fatty acids
alpha linolenic acid
69
How is grain/seed a source of Fatty acids
linolenic acid
70
How is animal tissue a source of fatty acids
- arachidonic acid
- EPA and DHA
- variable, dependent on animals and diet
71
Vegetable oils and poultry fat supplies mostly __________ omega 6 FA
polyunsaturated
72
mammal fats supply mostly ________ FA
saturated
73
Fish/marine sources, including algae, supply _________ omega 3 FA
polyunsaturated
74
What is the easiest way to tell if essential fatty acids intake is adequate?
Skin and coat
75
Deficiency syndromes of essential fatty acids include?
- dry skin / dermatitis / dull haircoat
- decreased neural and retinal function (during development and growth)
- Decreased growth rate
- weight loss
- immunodeficiency
76
T/F: Carbohydrate classification is complex?
true
77
How can you classify carbohydrates?
- fiber vs non-fiber
- molecular structure
- complexity
- solubility
- fermentability
- viscosity
78
Define non-fiber carbohydrates
digestible carbohydrates
79
Define fiber carbohydrates
indigestible carbohydrates
80
Organic molecules contain ______ which is essential for carbohydrate classification on a Fiber vs non-Fiber
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
81
For the following examples, determine what type of molecular structure they are
- glucose
- fructose
- galactose
Monosaccharides
82
For the following examples, determine what type of molecular structure they are
- lactose
- sucrose
- maltose
- trehalose
Disaccharides
83
For the following examples, determine what type of molecular structure they are
- **Starch**
Polysaccharide
84
For the following examples, determine what type of molecular structure they are
- **Fructooligosaccharides**
- lactulose
- xyloologosaccharide
- raffinose
- stachyose
Oligosaccharide
85
For the following examples, determine what type of molecular structure they are
- **cellulose))
- hemicellulose
- pectins
- gums
- xylans
Polysaccharide
86
Which fiver class based on molecular structure is a pancreatic amylase
Polysaccharide
- non-fiber
- starch
87
Does the following define Non-Fiber carbohydrates or Fiber carbohydrates?
- GI health
(fuel for microbes, motility, stool quality)
- regulate glucose absoprtion
- reduces energy density
Fiber
88
Does the following define Non-Fiber carbohydrates or Fiber carbohydrates?
- Satiety
- reduces diet digestability (in general)
Fiber
89
Does the following define Non-Fiber carbohydrates or Fiber carbohydrates?
- Supply dietary energy (metabolized to glucose)
(quick every - glycolysis)
(fetal energy)
- Euglycemia
- Lactose
- Glycogen
- Glycoproteins
Non-fiber
90
How are carbohydrates important for GI health
- Metabolic regulation
- Fecal features
- GI system
- Gut microbiome health
- **immune system**
- etc
91
Most immune cells are located where in the body?
along the GI tract
92
T/F: Carbohydrates can balance protein and fat in the diet?
true
but remember, at times when we need to restrict a macronutrient, we need to lean on others
93
T/F: If you need more protein, increase the amount of carbohydrates
true
94
Grains, vegetables, fruits, (whole/modified/purified) and Glycogen (animal) are all sources of?
carbohydrates
95
using the chart provide by the AVMA, how would you cateogorize Solubility (high, moderate, and low) and fermeability (High, medium and low)
- **fructose**
- galactans
- apple pectin
- citrus pulp
96
using the chart provide by the AVMA, how would you cateogorize Solubility (high, moderate, and low) and fermeability (High, medium and low)
- pectin
- flaxseed
97
using the chart provide by the AVMA, how would you cateogorize Solubility (high, moderate, and low) and fermeability (High, medium and low)
- grape pomace
- tomato pomace
98
using the chart provide by the AVMA, how would you cateogorize Solubility (high, moderate, and low) and fermeability (High, medium and low)
- pistachio
- psyllium
99
using the chart provide by the AVMA, how would you cateogorize Solubility (high, moderate, and low) and fermeability (High, medium and low)
- hemicellulose
- beet pulp
- rice bran
- soy hulls
100
using the chart provide by the AVMA, how would you cateogorize Solubility (high, moderate, and low) and fermeability (High, medium and low)
- hemicellulose
- cellulose
- soy hulls
- peanut hulls
101
Does the following define fiber or non-fiber carbohydrates
- Crude fiber
- total dietary fiber
- neutral detergent fiber
- acid detergent fiber
Fiber
102
Does the following define fiber or non-fiber carbohydrates
- Nitrogen free extract
(NFE) % = 100 - (%moisture + %CF + %CP + %EE + %Ash)
CF = crude fiber
CP = crude protein
EE = ether extracts
Ash = minerals
non-fiber
103
Starch is classified as?
Monosaccharide
Disaccaride
Polysaccharide
polysaccharide
104
Sucrose , maltose, and lactose are classified as?
Monosaccharide
Disaccaride
Polysaccharide
Disaccharide
105
Glucose, fructose, and galactose are classified as?
Monosaccharide
Disaccaride
Polysaccharide
Monosaccharides
