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2025 Exam Block 4 > Exam 1: Lecture 3: Micronutrients > Flashcards

Exam 1: Lecture 3: Micronutrients Flashcards

1
Q

List the Marcominerals

A
  • Calcium - CA
  • Phosphorus - P
  • Sodium - Na
  • Chloride - Cl
  • Magnesium - Mg
  • Potassium - K
  • Sulfur - S
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2
Q

List the Microminerals (trace minerals)

A
  • Zinc - Zn
  • Copper - Cu
  • Selenium - Se
  • Iodine - I
  • Iron - Fe
  • Mangenese - Mn
  • Molybdenum - Mo
  • Cobalt - Co
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3
Q

List the Fat souble Vitamins

A
  • Vitamin D
  • Vitamin E
  • Vitamin A
  • Vitamin K
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4
Q

List the water soluble Vitamins

A
  • Cobalamin - B12
  • Folate - B9
  • Niacin - B3
  • Pyrodoxine - B6
  • Riboflavin - B2
  • Thiamine - B1
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5
Q

What is a complete and balanced diet?

A

Mineral balances with one another

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6
Q

T/F: Nutrients can be deficient or excessive (toxic) causing adverse effects on health

A

true

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7
Q

T/F: Too much of one mineral can replace the amount of another

A

false

too much of one mineral can cause a deficiency of another mineral (EX Ca:P)

potential for fat soluble vitamins to compete for absorption

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8
Q

T/F: For theraputic diets, nutrients may be increased or decreased compared to current (maintenance) diet

A

true

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9
Q

Feeding a phosphorus deficient diet to help slow progression of chronic kidney disease is what type of diet?

A

theraputic diets

another example is enhancing vitamin E for patients with liver dsease

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10
Q

What are the two important Gastrointestinal microorganisms

A

B vitamins - mainly herbivores

Vitamin K

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11
Q

Primary ingredients (protein, fatty acids and carbohydrates), supplements, and dirt/soil all make up an animals ______

A

diet

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12
Q

Can we do a test to determine a patients micronutrient status?

A

No, no single simple effective test

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13
Q

What DNA samples can be taken to test the amount of micronutrients - even though they are not reliable

A

Hair
Blood

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14
Q

T/F: Hair and blood doesnt represent the total body status

A

true

  • also not all labs practice good quality control with assays so this doesnt help with testing
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15
Q

Which of the following is a micro mineral?

Calcium
Zinc
Potassium
Niacin

A

Zinc

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16
Q

Define macromineral

A

required in larger amounts

g/day

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17
Q

Define Microminerals

A

Required in smaller amounts

mg/day

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18
Q

How can minerals be classified using their molecular structure

A

Inorganic / element (EX: Zinc Sulfate)

Organic (bound to carbon containing molecule (EX: zinc methionine)
- amino acid
- phytates and oxalates, if present, inhibit absoprtion
- not to be confused with USDA organic

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19
Q

Case example:

  • 5 mo F lab
  • facial swelling, respiratory distress, hyper salivation, loose teeth, difficulty walking
  • Diet history: milk + meat
A

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

reduced demineralization (reduced radiodensity)

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20
Q

Which nutrients are involved in nutritional hyperparathyroidism

A

inverse dietary calcium to phosphorus ratio

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21
Q

What is this clinical condition?

A

osteodystrophy
AKA
- miller disease
- big head disease
- bran disease
- metabolic disease

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22
Q

Reduced serum _____ + increased serum _______ = stimulate PTH

A

reduced serum Ca
increased serum P

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23
Q

Reduced serum Ca + increased serum P = stimulate PTH = osteoclasts release _____ from ?

A

release Ca from bone

so the kidneys excrete more P

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24
Q

Calcium deficiency can cause?

A
  • decreased bone density (osteopenia/osteoporosis/rickets)
  • Milk fever
  • Eclampsia

rest of info on chart

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25
Toxicity of Phosphorus can cause?
- Bone loss - Nutritional hyperparathyroidism / nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidim - maybe chronic kidney disease **rest of info on chart**
26
Is sodium a cation or anion
cation
27
Is chloride a cation or anion
STRONG anion
28
Hypocloridemia can occur secondary to vomiting due to which 2 micronutrient?
Sodium and chloride deficiency
29
Hypokalmeia can occur secondary to diuretics and CKD due to which micronutrient deficiency?
potassium
30
T/F: Cardiac arrythmias can occur due to Potassium toxicity?
false, due to potassium deficiency
31
Hyperkalemia can occur secondary to CKD due to which micronutrient toxicity?
Potassium
32
What organic sources does potassium come from?
forage fruit vegetables
33
Magnesium toxicity can cause?
- Paralysis - urinary stones - Alkalosis (cation)
34
What is the pratical tip for anemic patients
conduct a nutrition assessment, dont just supplement iron
35
Deficieny of iron can cause?
- Anemia - Poor skin and Haircoat
36
Iodine deficiency can cause?
- Thyroid disorders (Goiter) - Poor skin and haircoat
37
Idoine toxicity can cause?
- decreased appetite - Weight loss - Goiter
38
What type of deficiency is defined in this image?
Copper deficiency
39
Copper deficiency can cause?
- anemia - poor skin and haircoat (black coat dilution (rust)) - aortic rupture
40
Copper toxicity can cause?
Copper hepatopathy - some dogs, esp. in predisposing individuals) - Belingtons in labs - Kidney disease in sheep
41
Zinc deficiency can show?
- poor skin and haircoat - decreased appetite and weight loss - decreased repoduction - diarrhea
42
Zinc toxicity can cause?
- hemolytic anemia - vomiting - Copper deficiency
43
What is the function of selenium?
- enzyme cofactor - immune response - **Antioxidant** - **Thyroid hormone production (T4=T3)**
44
Selenium deficiency can cause?
- muscular disorders - decreased reproduction
45
Selenium toxicity can cause?
- decreased appetite - weight loss - Neurologic disorders
46
Manganese deficiency can cause?
- Decreased reproduction - Liver disorders
47
Are the following cations or anions? - Potassium - sodium
Cations
48
Are the following cations or anions? - Magnesium
cations
49
Are the following cations or anions? - Chloride - Sulfur (methionine)
Anions
50
Are the following cations or anions? - Phosphorus
Anions
51
What are the functions of Acid-Base
- Blood pH - Urine pH - Muscle contraction - Nerve conduction
52
Should you supplement minerals on top of a complete and balanced pet food without indication?
NO!! only supplement minerals if there is specific indications
53
T/F: If you suspect a nutrient deficiency / toxicity, conduct a nutrition assessment, which includes evaluating the current diet feeding management
true
54
Vitamin A toxicities can cause?
- Cervical / thoracic exostosis - birth defects - Hypercalcemia
55
What are the functions of Vitamin A
- vision - immunity - antioxidant - cellular differentiation
56
T/F: cats convert carotenoids from plant to activate vitamin A
Fase, but dogs can Cats need to obtain vitamin A from animal products
57
T/F: Cats require retinal
true
58
What can happen with Vitamin D deficiencies?
- Loss of bone (osteoporosis) - Similar signs as calcium deficiency (DOD) - Rickets
59
T/F: Dogs can not synthesize vitamin D from exposure to skin (unlike humans)
true this also applies to cats
60
T/F: We can measure 25-Hydroxy vitamin D in the liver
true
61
Vitamin E toxicity can be seen as?
- NOT SEEN - very high amount could interfere with other fat-soluble vitamins
62
Vitamin E deficiency can be seen as?
- Steatitis - Muscle weakness / myopathy
63
Deficiencies of Vitamin K?
- blood clotting disorders - Rodenctides that contain anticoagulations - Intestinal disease - Oral antibiotics
64
Microbs in the gut (K2) produced which vitamin? This means there is no dietary requirement as long as GI health is optimal
Vitamin K
65
Deficiency of Thiamin (Vitamin B1) can be seen as?
- neurologic signs and weakness - ventroflexion of head and neck in cats - heat sensitive - thiaminase in raw fish
66
Deficiencies such as - poor appetite and weight loss - Lethargy, weakness and collapse - corneal opactiy
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
67
Oral ulcerations/inflammation, tongue necrosis (black tongue) is a deficiency of which vitamin?
Niacin (Vitamin B3)
68
Which vitamin is a precurose to Coenzyme A that if deficient can cause liver and heart disorders?
Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)
69
Nurological disorders such as convulsion and twitching is caused by which vitamin deficiency?
Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
70
Which vitamin deficiency is responsible for - anemia - clotting disorders - cleft palate
Folic acid (vitmain B9)
71
Which vitamin deficiency may be caused secondary to GI disease (complex trasnport and absorption) and can cause anemia
Cobalamin (Vitamine B12)
72
Which vitamin is not essential, but included in pet food due to antioxidant activity
Vitamin C
73
74
Which nutrient deficiency can cause? - normally synthesized in body - Poor appetite - weight loss - Hepatic lipidosis - Heart disorders
Choline

2025 Exam Block 4 (34 decks)

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