Exam 1 Material Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
Attitudes (Def)
A
thoughts about abstract (abortion) or specific things (I like chocolate)
-evaluation of some object
2
Q
attitudes can be
A
+, or, - or, neutral
3
Q
what is the tripartite model
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a theory of attitude structure proposing that an attitude is based on or consists of affective, cognitive, and behavioral components.
4
Q
Tripartite model: Cognitive component
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thoughts and beliefs;
things I know about the object
ex: I know the different types of penguins.
5
Q
Tripartite model: Affective Component
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Feelings ( do I feel + OR - Feelings toward object)
EX: I love penguins.
6
Q
Tripartite model: behavioral component
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predisposition to act
Ex: I buy penguin decorations, fill office with penguins
7
Q
Attitude function: Knowledge function
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understanding world around us
helps us make decisions
Ex: we like sitting next to walls so we pick those seats (help us predict behavior)
8
Q
Attitude function: Identity function
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things we like/ dislike creates our identity
9
Q
Attitude function: self esteem/ ego defensive functions
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self esteem: how we feel about the self
ego: how we protect the self
10
Q
Attitude function: Impression motivation function
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to make a good impression on others and hold the right view
11
Q
Social learning:
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acquire attitudes from others
12
Q
Social learning: classical conditioning
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based on association (bell creates salivation because it things of food)
13
Q
Social learning: instrumental
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hold “right” views
- based on consequences
- ex: middle school girls bring on clothes
14
Q
Social learning: observational learning
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observe or model others
15
Q
attitude formation: Social comparison
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“The process through which we compare ourselves to others to determine whether our view of social reality is, or is not, correct.”
16
Q
attitude formation: genetics
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link btw genetics and attitude but not in direct way
ex: not gene for liking of model of car
17
Q
aspect of attitudes-strength of attitude:
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the stronger the attitude the stronger we will produce behavior
18
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aspect of attitudes-strength of attitude: attitude extremity
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I really like chocolate!!
19
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aspect of attitudes-strength of attitude: attitude certainty
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how certain we are and how much we thought about it
20
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aspect of attitudes-strength of attitude: personal experience
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we have stronger attitudes w/ personal experience
ex: never going to eat that again!
21
Q
aspect of attitudes-level of specificity
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general vs. specific
do I wear sunscreen all the time or just when I go to beach
22
Q
Situational forces
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elements of situations constraint us with attitudes (can’t wear jeans to work)
23
Q
situational choice
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we chose enter situations that match our attitude
ex: I don’t want a strict dress code will look for a job that is loose in that area
24
Q
theory of planned behavior
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careful thought to our attitudes for our behavior.
25
theory of planned behavior: attitudes
evaluation of behavior
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theory of planned behavior: subjective norm
what other think of us engaging in that behavior (generally about people we care about)
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theory of planned behavior: perceived control
ability to engage in beh
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beh intentions: majoring in psych
attitude: dvp a positive a attitude
subjective norm: I think you would be great
perceived control: I can pass research methods
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cognitive dissonance
"an unpleasant state that occurs when we notice that our attitudes and our behavior are inconsistent.
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conditions for dissonance induced attitude change to occur: free choice
people have to feel like
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conditions for dissonance induced attitude change to occur: irrevocable
I can't undo it
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ways to reduce dissonance: Direct methods
- change attitude or behavior
- acquire supporting info (i'm gonna die from smoking)
- trivialization (only do it under the circumstances)
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ways to reduce dissonance: Indirect methods
self affirmation: this happened but I still have these good qualities
34
attitude discrepant behavior: insufficient justification
people are more likely to engage in a behavior that contradicts their personally held beliefs when they are offered a smaller reward, in comparison to a larger reward.
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attitude discrepant behavior: insufficient justification
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attitude discrepant behavior: insufficient justification
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Persuasion
"Efforts to change others’ attitudes through the use of various kinds of messages."
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four factors involved in comm model
- communicator (expertise, attractiveness)
- message (one-sided, 2-sided)
- recipient (age, motivation, ability to process)
- channel (face to face, tv)
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requirements of model
- attention to the message
- comprehension and rehearsal of message
- retention of the message (remember)
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classical findings include (5)
experts are more persuasive than non-experts
attractive sources are more pursasive than unactractive
-soft sell is often better than overt persuasion
-if audience is skeptical-use 2-sided message
-fear-eliciting message (with ADVISE) are more effective
41
cognitive. approach: elaboration likelihood model
" persuasion can occur in either of two distinct ways, differing in the amount of cognitive effort or elaboration the message receives."
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elaboration likelihood model: Central route (1st type of processing)
it involves careful consideration of message content and the ideas it contains
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Motivation to process and ability to process equation
B=M X A
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Peripheral route
processing requires less effort; involves use of mental shortcuts such as the belief that experts statements can be trusted or the idea that it makes feel good.
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Reactance theory
protects ones personal freedom
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forewarning
prior knowledge (already knew they were going to persuade you)
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forewarning: counterarguments
already come up with excuses
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selective avoidance:
screen out contradictory info (when we think they gonna persuade us we ignore them)
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individual difference:
perso trait, some are easier to persuade than others.
50
self-regulation:
"Limited capacity to engage our willpower and control our own thinking and emotions."
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ego-depletion
happens when they people use up their available willpower on one task
52
Social cog
how we interpret analyze and remember info about our social world
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Heuristics
info overload and mental shortcuts
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representativeness
judging by resemblance (whether someone falls into group how much do they resemble that group?
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availability
judging by how quickly examples come to mind
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anchoring and adjustment
"tendency to use a number of values as a starting point to which we then make adjustments."
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WHAT IS ADJUSTMENT IMPACTED BY
recent, direct impact,
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staus quo heurustics
why should I do things differently when Ive done it in the passed. Unassaifgeed seat
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schema
organizes social info
| -mental frameworks built around a specific theme
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schema types: Person
stereotypes-makes it easy to interact
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schema types: self schema
self concepts-who we think we are
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schema types: situation
scripts\
| -walking into a restaurant and dont know if you sit or you are seated
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schema availability/what it impacts
have to have created them
| impacts: frequency, recency of our existing schema
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impact of schema: Attention
"often act as a kind of filter. Information consistent with them is more likely to be noticed and to enter our consciousnes"
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enconding
- SORE SCHEMA CONSISTENT INFO
| - inconsistent info is stored in separate location
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retreival
we remember info that is consitent to our schema \
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impact of schema: efficiency
- save mental energy
- cog filter during attention and enconding
- what am I paying attention to what am i gonna remeber
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stronger effects when schemas are____
strong and cog load (trying to handle a lot of info at once) is high
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perservanece effect:
tendency for beliefs and schemas to remain unchanged even in the face of contradictory info
-hard to change stereotype because we dont modify we create a sub-schema
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self-fulfilling prophesy
having a belief and changing someone behavior (think they snob treat like snob and they act like one confirming belief)
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AUTOMatic vs controlled processing
- a: most effortless process (driving)
| - C: systemtiactc/logical thinking)
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Sources of error: Negativity bias
greater sensitivy to (-) info than to (+) info
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OPTIMISTIC BIAS
general tendency yo expect things to turn out wel overall helps us to move forward
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OPTIMISTIC BIAS: Planning fallacy
"our tendency to believe that we can get more done in a given period of time than we actually can" (we forget to plan for unexpected things hunger, phone calls, motivation)
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OPTIMISTIC BIAS: Bracing for loss
- exception to optimistic bias
- antipacte we gonna receive negative info, self-protective technique
- physco benefit
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magical thinking:
```
general tendency to think outside of rational thought
(not mathematically possible to pass class but still believe they can do it)
```
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situation specific errors
- counterfactual thinking
| - magical thinking
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counterfactual thinking
thinking about what could have happened instead
| types: upward and downward
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upward counterfactual thinking; Car accident example
thinking about more positive outcomes that could have happened
Car accident: if I would have left earlier I would have had better outcomes
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downward counterfactual thinking; car accident
thinking about worst outcomes that could have happened
| car accident: this could have been worse I could have died.
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when using upward counterfactual thinking what do you experience?
regret because I imagine better things that could have happened
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when using downward counterfactual thinking what do you experience?
sympathy and relief cuz I envision something worse that have actually happened to others.
83
how Affect (feelings) affects cognition (thoughts)
if I am in a good mood everything is ok and therefore I will engage in automatic processing because if I think carefully about something I will find things that I do not want to find.
i'm in a bad mood than I will engage in control processing attempting to figure what is wrong
84
happiness does two things
increases creativity
| makes me more susceptible to social influence
85
mood dependent memory
more likely to recall something when we in same mood as the time we encoded it. If I was mad when encoding then to remember it I have to be mad
86
mood congruence effects
mood impacts what we notice/ remember
| if I am in good mood than I will only remember positive info
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cognition affects our feeling by
```
labeling emotions (able to identify if we are attacked or its. a surprise)
regulation of emotion
```
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the down side to a good mood
we are using schemas and heuristics because we are not trying to think carefully to keep a good mood
89
Person perception
process through which we seek to know and understand others
90
challenges when trying to understanding others (4)
- unpredictable
- casual agents (they are trying to influence)
- deceptive
- interaction alters beh (
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what are some nonverbal communication examples(4)
- eye-contact
- facial expression (provides info about person emotional state)
- body language (gestures, posture, movements)
- touching
92
what are the six emotions
```
happiness
anger
disgust
sad
surprised
contempt
-more negative than (+) because we need to know if we are being threatened
```
93
nonverbal cues in social life
- paralanguage( how we say words ex: hight pitch for ?, softly, loud)
- facial feedback hypo (altering our face affect our emotion) holding pen in mouth makes you happy
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recognizing deception
- micro-expression are hard to detect
| - when micro contradicts words
95
attribution
understanding why people act the way do
-inferences about the cause of behavior
"he process through which we seek to identify the causes of others’ behavior and so gain knowledge of their stable traits and dispositions."
96
when do me make attributions
complex situations
unexpected events
unpleasant events
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complex situations
not clear, can't explain, so we spend more time here
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unexpected events
we pay attention because they are contrary to our expectations
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unpleasant events
painful, why did they break up with me
100
heiders naive psych says we can
predicts others beh so we can control our outcomes
| ex: boss is angry so I avoid him
101
locus of casuality: internal vs external
internal: assuming causes within person (skills, belief, personality) ex: person brushes through me making fall; they are RUDE
external: something in envio or situation causes beh ex: person passes through making me fall; they are LATE
102
theories of attribution: theory of correspondent inference
"how we use information about others’ behavior as a basis for inferring their traits"
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When do we assume that behavior corresponds to a stable disposition
- beh is freely chosen
- beh yeilds non common effects ("Effects produced by a particular cause that could not be produced by any other apparent cause")
-Behavior is low in social desirability
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Types of information used to make attributions: consistency
extent person always behaves this way toward the stimulus
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Types of information used to make attributions Consensus
extent others behave in same way toward the stimulus
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Types of information used to make attributions distinctiveness
extent person responds in the same way toward different stimuli
-if unusual (high) if not unusual (not high)
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HANDLING MULTIPLE CAUSES: discounting
tendency to downplay importance of one cause if other potential causes exist (I see one beh but there are other causes so I discount) child helping
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HANDLING MULTIPLE CAUSES: Augmenting
tendency to increase importance of one factor when behavior occurs in the presence of other inhibitory causes
(doing something against interest, they must really belief in it cuz it could hurt their vote)
109
ERRORS AND BIASES: salience
salient people are seen as more influential (in field of vision) "When someone or some object stands out from its background or is the focus of attentio"
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ERRORS AND BIASES: correspondence bias (fundamental attribution error:
overestimate internal causes
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ERRORS AND BIASES: correspondence bias (fundamental attribution error: stages
stage 1: dispositional attitude (automatic)
| stage 2: situational causes (control processing)
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ERRORS AND BIASES: actor-observer bias
attribute own beh to external causes and others beh to internal causes
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ERRORS AND BIASES: self-serving bias
"This tendency to attribute our own positive outcomes to internal causes but negative outcomes to external factors"
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Applications of Attribution theory: Attribution and Depression
Depressed people often show a self-defeating pattern of attributions, which is the opposite of the self-serving bias.
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Applications of Attribution theory: Attribution and Depression: Attribute negative outcomes to
stable, internal causes
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Applications of Attribution theory: Attribution and Depression: Attribute positive outcomes to
temporary, external causes
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Impression management
"he process through which we form impressions "
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impression management: Asch
"we do not form impressions simply by adding together all of the traits we observe in other persons. Rather, we perceive these traits in relation to one another, so that the traits cease to exist individually and become, instead, part of an integrated, dynamic whole."
119
Impression Formation: Cognitive perspective (2)
- Combining diverse information into a unified impression
| - Information focused on when initially meeting others
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exemplar
example of traits
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abstractions:
combined ex together and can't think of a specific one
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motivating processing:
focus on (-) info cuz we need to know if we will be harmed
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we focus on traits and values as oppose to
ability
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Impression accuracy and speed of formation
Correlations with longer evaluation and ratings by others
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Physical traits psychological traits
if resting face smiley we will assume they friendly
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Self-fulfilling prophesy
I'm gonna treat you in ways consistent with impression and pull out that behavior from you
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impression management
efforts to produce favorite first impression (altering physical appearance)
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impression management: effectiveness
works better than we think
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Tactics of impression management: Self-enhancement. and ways
boost ones appealing to others
- controlling appearence
- telling peeps how awesome I am
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Tactics of impression management: other enhancement.
induce positive moods in others
-suck up to proffesor
-tell others how awesome they are
-
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Tactics of impression management: other enhancement: flattery
even when they kn0ow they know altering motives they still like compliments
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tactics of impression management: other enhancement: social skills and job performance
better social skills means better job performance ratings
| -when you recognize they need space, give gifts,
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role of high cog load
higher cog load makes it harder to engage in impression management
