Exam 2 Flashcards
(174 cards)
1
Q
Social Influence (Def)
A
efforts to change attitude or behavior but we focus mostly on behavior
2
Q
Types of influence (3)
A
conformity
compliance
obedience
3
Q
Conformity (Def)
A
going along with the majority
4
Q
Large majority can be:
A
behavior at peace
friend group
5
Q
Norms
A
rules for beh
6
Q
why are norms easy
A
because we don’t have to make decisions
7
Q
Types of social norms (4)
A
- explicit
- implicit
- descriptive
- injunctive
8
Q
explicit
A
written rules: laws, employee handbooks
9
Q
implicit
A
unwritten -ex: sitting in class no one told you to
10
Q
descriptive
A
what most people do
ex: littering cuz no trash
11
Q
injunctive
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what should be done
-should not litter and take trash with you
12
Q
which is stronger
A
descriptive
13
Q
What is Asch’s line judgment task
A
participants asked to indicate which of three lines best matched after a unanimous group gives answer.
14
Q
Asch’s results: Subjects conformed to false majority on____
A
37% of critical trials
15
Q
Asch’s results: ____conformed at _(much variability)
A
76% of subjects
at least once
16
Q
Asch’s results: When given an ally (even if they disagreed with subject), ________
A
conformity decreased to 8%
17
Q
Asch’s results: When responses made privately, almost
A
no one conformed
18
Q
What affects Conformity (5)
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Cohesiveness Group size Descriptive vs. Injunctive norms Normative focus theory Salience
19
Q
Cohesiveness: Entativity
A
how much of the group is into my identity
-“we-ness”
20
Q
the more connected you are to one another makes__
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cohesiveness increase
21
Q
group size:
A
matters up to about 3 people
22
Q
Descriptive vs. injunctive
A
DESCRIP: strengthen behavior
-cohesive group giving wrong answer
INJUNC: reminds people that they need to go with the group
EX: you tell mom we not gonna have Turkey for Christmas and mom says yes we will!!
23
Q
norm focus theory: Salience
A
“norms will influence behavior only to the extent that they are focal for the people involved at the time the behavior occurs.”
EX: speed limit says 45 but everyone going 65
24
Q
norm focus theory: Salience: COP CAR
A
speed limit becomes salient when passing cop car
-salient when you have to dress up for school-
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Automaticity
LOOK FR IT
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why do we conform (2)
- normative influence
| - informational influence
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normative influence
when I want to be liked and accepted to avoid rejection
| -if don't follow norms you can get kicked out of group
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what are you called if you violate rules
deviant and should be punished
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informational influence
I am uncertain of behavior so I see norms to tell me how to behave
-don't know what to wear to event so I call friend to see what she is gonna wear
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once we conform, we tend to ____
view conformity as justified
| -feeling cog dis so we justify and say no I wanted to do it not just because people were doing it.
31
resisting conformity-what process is it
automatic: not thinking much about it
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desire to retains one
individuality:
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less conformity occurs in___cultures regardless of ____
individualistic; group size
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more conformity occurs in___cultures regardless of ____
collectivistic; group size
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Resisting Conformity: Desire to exert
control over one’s life
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as the need for personal control increases conformity____
decreases
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Resisting Conformity:Sexual motives
to impress someone decreases likely to conform
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Resisting Conformity:Physical, psychological, or legal barriers
Cannot marry, stand during national anthem
39
Minority Influence- who are they
groups with less power not necessary in size
40
When is minority influence effective? (4)
Consistent, committed, flexible, and timely
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Consistent
even if other issues going on you focus one one message one and over again
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committed (3)
- not backing down
- wiling to experience attacks
- when comm minority forces majority to think more systematically and have to justify why they think the way they do
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flexible
using diff techniques with different kinds of people not changing content.
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timely
has more impact because people we were at war so people were not helping?
45
private acceptance
more thinking through and coming to agree with minority; not just agreeing with majority (inform influence)
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Why is minority effective? (3)
- Induce majority to think systematically about issues
- Minority often formulate persuasive arguments, thus better prepared to defend position
- Tend to overestimate number of people who share their beliefs, thus strengthening resolve-
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Tend to overestimate number of people who share their beliefs, thus strengthening resolve
false consensus: I like science fiction so everyone likes science fiction
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why does this help: Tend to overestimate number of people who share their beliefs, thus strengthening resolve
makes it easier to speak out because you think people already agree with you.
49
what is the challenge of being a member of multiple min groups:
seems like you are arguing for multiple issues and not committed to just one.
50
compliance
getting people to say yes to a request
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compliance:Tactics based on liking
we do things for people we like
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Tactics based on liking: Ingratiation (2)
increases liking
| -enhance self or flatter target
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Tactics based on commitment/consistency
want people to commit it to product publicly
| -they want you to test car out to see yourself in it.
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Tactics based on commitment/consistency
| : there are 2 ways
- foot in the door
| - low-balling
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foot in the door
small request followed by larger one
| -to keep you from shutting the door on me
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Lowballing
changing the deal midstream
57
Tactics based on reciprocity
obligation to give back gift at same level
- requieres equal or greater return in order to fulfill norm
- norm of acceptance: taught we are supposed to accept things
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Tactics based on reciprocity: door in the face
large request followed by a small request
| -request so ridiculous they shut the door in your face.
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Tactics based on scarcity (Reactance) : 2 ways
- playing hard to get
| - deadline tech
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playing hard to get
suggesting item is valuable
| -heuristics: scarce item increased value
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Deadline technique
limited time to buy
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compliance tech:Pre-suasion
agreeing with message before encountering it
-focused on Idea/concept that it is related to core of message before they experience it
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Obedience
change behavior in response to direct orders from authority (most direct form)
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Milgram’s Obedience Study
Participants told to deliver increasing levels of shock to a “learner” each time he made an error on a learning task
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Milgram’s Obedience Study: results
65% were fully obedient (shocked to the limit- 450 volts)
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Why did so many obey? (4)
-Social norms to obey authority figure were salient
-Experimenter said he was responsible
-Commands were gradual in nature (foot-in-the-door)
(started with learning experiment and then went up to shocking people)
-Participants had little time for reflection
67
Ways to resist obedience
- Take responsibility for any harm produced
- Realize total submission is inappropriate
- Question authority’s motives (do they have my benefit at heart or do they have ulterior motives)
- Increase awareness of the power of the situation (i.e., learn about results) (what will be the consequences of this action)
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Elements of Group Antagonism: 3
stereotypes
prejudice
discrimination
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Elements of Group Antagonism: Stereotype
cognitive component: beliefs about different groups (+, -) content about them
challenge: even when + elements in content can still lead to discrimination (assumptions)
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Elements of Group Antagonism: Prejudice
affective components- feeling about groups of people
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Elements of Group Antagonism: discrimination component
behavioral component: + stereotype but still negative impact (everyone thinks im smart cuz I'm asian so that puts alot of pressure to perform at that level)
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“Prejudice is a______
by-product of our thinking processes
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Stereotypes (def)
sweeping generalizations of social groups that strongly influence social thought by
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sweeping generalizations of social groups that strongly influence social thought by: (5)
- Processing new information consistent with stereotype quicker
- Focusing on information consistent with stereotype
- Refuting inconsistent information to make it appear consistent
- Subtyping- creating subschemas
- self-fulfilling-
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Self-fulfilling prophesy
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in-group vs. outgroup
in: members of group
Out: not member of the group
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Out-group homogeneity
out-group members seen as more alike than in-group
-assume all members alike
“They’re all alike, thus no reason to get to know them”
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In-group differentiation
in-group members seen as more diverse (heterogeneous)
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In-group homogeneity
occurs more among minority group members
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How members of different groups perceive inequality (2)
Zero-sum outcome
| Ex. Affirmative Action
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Zero-sum outcome
if one kids gets more another kid gets less
| -"Those that only one person or group can have. So, if one group gets them, the other group can’t."
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Ex. Affirmative Action
-instead of cutting pie, make a bigger pie
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Responses of those who speak out against discrimination
members of majority receive (-) consequences
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Not recognizing_____against us
stereotypes
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Good side of affirmative action
- brings in more opinion
| - the more educated you are the less likely people are to engage in crime and need of government help
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bad side of affirmative action
- may not treat you with respect
- increase self-doubt (am I capable or am I just here to meet a quota?)
(mental health issues)
87
Prejudice comes out of ___
fear of threats
| -threat does not have to physical could be a persons way of life
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perception of threat
some people lost their jobs, sick, dying..
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threat to self-estee?
could not get job which is self-esteem - generally threatened- increase feelings of self-worth
90
social learning (DEF)
acquire prejudice from others
91
attitudes are shaped by
parents’ attitudes and nature of interaction with minority group
92
Realistic conflict
direct competition between groups over valued resources
93
Social categorization
divide world into in-group (“us”) and out-group (“them”)
94
Social Identity Theory
"perceiving ourselves as a member of a social group and identifying with it; "
-"Suggests that we will move closer to positive others with whom we share an identity but distance from other ingroup members who perform poorly or otherwise make our social identity negative."
-no knowledge about group
95
In-group bias
view own group more favorably
96
ultimate attitude bias
group success- internal affiliation (tenessen is awesome)
group failure- external affiliation -(they are just tired)
97
Discrimination
negative behaviors directed toward members of some social group
98
“Modern” racism
concealing prejudiced attitudes
| im not racist
99
Modern” racism: Maintain unprejudiced self image
don't want to see themselves that way
100
“Modern” racism: Moral disengagement
there is a moral way to treat people removing beh from immoral act: prisoners treated bad
101
“Modern” racism: Measuring implicit attitudes
att we have that we are not consciously aware of that guide our beh
102
Tokenism
performing trivial actions for out-group
| - in order to appear not racist one person from that group needs to fill in spot to meet quota
103
Consequences of tokenism
mental health issues self-doubt)
104
Reducing prejudice and discrimination: Social Learning (3)
- Teach parents to socialize children to be tolerant(rewarding for picking doll diff than them)
- Make people aware of egalitarian norms(we can all be successful together)
High cost of holding prejudiced attitudes
(stress involved w/ holding press because I see someone diff I scared, use up lots of energy instead of enjoying life)
105
Reducing prejudice and discrimination: Contact Hypothesis
Increase intergroup contact under following conditions (often hard to do):
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Contact Hypothesis – Increase intergroup contact under following conditions (often hard to do): (5)
- have to be in = stauts
- involve cooperation and interdependence(if 2 peeps interacting they impact each other outcomes)
- norms favoring equality
- must be focused on individual based processing (jigsaw)
107
Extended contact hypothesis
Joe is against Meredith but his best friend has a friend who goes to meridth so his prejudice decreases
-someones in-group is friends with outgroup
108
Reducing Prejudice (cont.): Social Influence
Lowering the in-group’s endorsement of prejudice can reduce prejudice
-tech useful for lowering pre (commitemt, obedience, comformity)
109
Reducing Prejudice (cont.): Recategorization
if aliens come we won't worry about races we are humans they are aliens
-move out-group into in -group
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Recategorization: Superordinate goals
bus brakes down, water supply
111
Weaken automatic activation of implicit stereotypes
- Saying no to stereotypes
| - become aware of own prejudice and telling self not to do it
112
Benefits of Guilt for prejudice reduction:
making someone feel bad prejudice decreases prejudice
-only if they care
113
Need for Affiliation (def)
desire to be with other people or close friends
114
Need for Affiliation: Individual differences (high in N.F.A) (3)
Write more letters to friends
Spend less time along
Avoid making negative comments to fellow workers
115
Need for Affiliation: Situational differences: Stressful situations
(natural disasters, surgery) prefer to be with people who were in those same situations
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Often being with others reduces anxiety by increasing: (2)
Cognitive clarity
| Emotional clarity
117
Cognitive clarity
getting info about what's going on
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Emotional clarity
getting info about how I should feel
119
External determinants of attraction (9)
```
proximty,
repeated exposure,
social media,
physical attractiveness,
physique and weight,
behavior,
height,
food choices,
first names
```
120
Proximity
physical distance to others
| Seat in classroom, location in residence hall
121
Repeated exposure
familiarity with a stimulus (esp. subliminal) tends to increase liking
Frequency of exposure to stranger increased liking
Generalizes to other, similar stimuli
122
Social Media
what's provided is tailored so images can increase liking
it could increase or decrease if info not accurate
123
physical attractiveness
– features that are desired within a culture
Arouses positive affect (hallow)
-attractiveness indicates health and fertility .
124
What constitutes attractiveness 3
Composite faces (combined faces)- lay faces on top of each other
Symmetrical faces- same on both sides
Feminine faces-regardless of sex
125
Physique and weight
Obese stranger was judged – sight unseen – as less likable, socially skilled, and attractive than average weigh
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Observable differences in behavior
see someone help someone assume they are a kind person
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Height
taller people are more attractive than shorter people seen as more successful
128
What a person eats (“good” vs. “bad” food)
healthy vs unhealthy
129
First names
popular within society are seen as more attractive then older names (Betty)
130
Becoming friends involves (3)
attitude similarity
mutual liking
personality and liking
130
att similarity
discovering similarity in attitudes, beliefs, values and interests
131
Similarity Attraction: theories (2)
similarity attraction
| matching hypothesis
132
Similarity-attraction hypothesis
attitude similarity increases attraction
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Matching hypothesis
partners often matched on attractiveness, age, education, personality
134
Level of similarity
the more physical attractive you are the more you're matched with equal attractiveness
135
Perceived vs. actual similarity
we think we know things about people and not true (perceived is more related to attraction)
136
Why does similarity lead to attraction
balance theory
137
balance theory
Similarity represents a balance which produces a positive emotional state (+) =balanced triangle
(-)= imbalanced doesn't feel good
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represents an imbalance which produces a negative emotional state:
Dissimilarity
139
Validation
We like people who validate our beliefs
140
We ___ people who invalidate beliefs
dislike
141
tactics work better in the workplace than self-promotion tactics
Ingratiation (" praising others to flatter them.")
142
Big Five Personality Traits
OCEAN
143
most important ones
high- Extraversion and Agreeableness
144
Narcissism
they love themselves but self esteem can get hit pretty quickly
145
Gender: Similarities
everyone wants their partners high in trustworthiness, cooperativeness, extraversion, agreeableness. other traits depend on perso
146
Gender: diff
males: rate physical attractiveness more higher than females
females: look for ambition, financial stability,
147
Does type of relationship matter?
the more closer I get the more trustworthiness begins to matter
148
Interdependent Relationships
two people influence, think about each other, and engage in joint activities - effect eachother outcoms
149
Infant attachment styles (3)
Secure—trusts caregiver
Insecure-avoidant—mistrusts/avoids caregiver
Insecure-ambivalent—both trusts and mistrusts
150
Adult attachment styles (4)
Secure – form lasting,committed relationships, greater empathy
Dismissing – “deserves”, yet fears closeness
Fearful-avoidant – insecure, avoid closeness
Preoccupied – seek closeness, but feel unworthy
151
LAVO
Lanx hANX
HAvoid
152
low avoidance + low anxiety
Secure: don't have to be together all the time
153
low avoidance + high anxiety
preoccupied: wants to be together all the time; high jealousy
154
low anxiety + high avoidance
dismissing avoidant: want to be with their partner at their own time
155
high anxiety + high avoidance
fearful avoidant: afraid of getting hurt so avoid situations
156
Close friendships involve: 3
Interacting in a variety of situations
Providing mutual emotional support
Disclosing confidential information
157
Gender differences in friendships
Women report more close friends (face to face play) coop play
In opposite-sex friendships, men more likely to expect a sexual relationship to develop
158
Romantic relationships (vs. friendships) have some degree of
physical intimacy
159
Influences include: 5
```
Proximity/repeated exposure
Discovery of similar attitudes
Sexual attraction
Desire for total acceptance
Biased perceptions that person is “ideal”
```
160
Differences from close relationships
Sexual attraction
Desire for total acceptance
Biased perceptions that person is “ideal”
161
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love: Love is a blend of three components:
Intimacy (closeness)
Passion (sexual attraction)
Commitment (to maintain relationship)
162
Consummate love
all 3= ideal for romantic rs
163
Intimacy
liking (friendship)
164
passion
infatuation (love. at first sight, physical chemistry)
165
commitment
empty love: don't have intimacy or passion (don't separate because of kids)
166
intimacy + passion =
romantic love = I like them alot, physical element but I don't know what's gonna happen in the future
167
passion + commitment=
fatuous love = make huge commitment quickly, meet have physical chemistry and get married
168
intimacy = commitment =
companionate love= hard to maintain passion usually happens when marriage with kids. committed, really like each other, but super busy.
169
marital success - similarity - assumed similarity
```
similarity= education
assumed = think you are similar than you really are
```
170
dispositional factors
- securely attached
| - high in agreeableness
171
marital sex
partners have similar in trust and desire
172
is it better to be married or unmarried
married men live longer, better health, better life satisfaction
173
how you respond to conflict (4)
contempt (cant't believe you're doing that)
defensiveness
criticism
withdraw - physically leaving, refuse to talk about it
