Exam 1 Material Flashcards
(39 cards)
osteokinematic motion
occurs when any object forms the radius of an imaginary circle about a fixed point
Axes of the body
3 reference axes are used to describe human motion: frontal, sagittal, and longitudinal
the axis around which the movement takes place is always perpendicular to the plane in which it occurs
Frontal Axis of the Body
perpendicular to the sagittal plane
includes flexion, extension, hyperextension, dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
Sagittal Axis of the Body
perpendicular to the frontal plane
abduction, adduction, lateral flexion of the trunk, evelation and depression of the shoulder girdle, radial/ulnar deviation of the wrist, inversion/eversion of the foot
Longitudinal axis of the Body
aka vertical axis
perpendicular to the transverse plane
rotation of the head, neck and trunk; internal/external rotation of the arm/leg; adduction/abduction of the arm or thigh; pronation/supination of the forearm
Arthrokinematic movements
motions occurring at joint surfaces
3 types of movement generally occur at articulations:
roll, spin, glide
close-packed position
the end of travel in a joint whereby the surfaces are at maximum congruency, ligaments are taut, and further movement in that direction of travel may result in dislocation and/or fracture
movement toward the close-packed position of a joint involve an element of joint compression
open-packed position
the position of travel of a joint away from the close packed position where the capsule and ligaments are not taut
extreme movement in that direction usually results in sprain/strain
force
a vector quantity, with magnitude, direction, and point of application to a body
load
the type of force applied
stress
the force per unit area that occurs on a cross section of a structure in response to an externally applied load
strain
the deformation that occurs within a structure in response to externally applied loads
hysteresis
the difference in behavior of a tissue when it is being loaded versus unloaded
creep
when a load remains, and a connective tissue is subjected to a sustained stress, the collagen fibers realign in the direction of stress and water/proteoglycans are displaced from between the fibers
once creep occurs, the tissue has difficulty returning to its initial length
Plastic Deformation
occurs when a tissue remains deformed and does not recover its prestress length
Ligamentous Injury
grade 1- painful, but not unstable or swollen
grade 2- incomplete tear with mild laxity and instability
grade 3- severe, complete disruption the ligament with gross instability and laxity, loss of function
Tendons
connects muscle to bone
causes of a tendon injury center around microtrauma to the tendon tissue due to repetitive mechanical loading from external factors
tendinosis
a degenerative process of the tendon
tendinitis
implies an inflammatory reaction to a tendon injury
Concave- convex rule
each joint/articulation involves two bony surfaces, one that is convex and one that is concave
when the concave surface is fixed:
and the convex surface moves on it, the convex surface rolls and glides in opposite directions
when the convex surface is fixed:
and the concave surface moves on it, the concave surface rolls and glides in the same direction
Aching pain
muscle, tendon, ligament
Bounding pain
vascular, circulation
