Leg, Foot, & Ankle

Question 1

number of bones in the foot and ankle

Answer 1

28, including two sesamoid

Question 2

sesamoiditis

Answer 2

inflammation of the sesamoid bones

Question 3

number of articulations in the foot and ankle

Answer 3

55, including 30 synovial joints

Question 4

Rear foot

Answer 4

aka hindfoot

made up of talus and calcaneus

Question 5

midfoot

Answer 5

made up of the navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiforms

Question 6

forefoot

Answer 6

made up of the 14 bones of the toes, 5 metatarsals, and medial and lateral sesamoids

Question 7

Distal tibiofibular joint

Answer 7

classified as a syndesmosis

common area of diastasis (separating ankle bones due to injury)

Question 8

talocrural joint

Answer 8

ankle joint
classified as a synovial hinge or modified sellar joint
formed between talus and distal tibia

Question 9

Primary motions at the talocrural joint

Answer 9

dosiflexion and plantarflexion

Question 10

close packed position of the talocrural joint

Answer 10

weight bearing dorsiflexion

Question 11

open packed position of the talocrural joint

Answer 11

midway between supination and pronation

Question 12

Subtalar joint

Answer 12

aka talocalcaneal joint

synovial, bicondylar compound joint composed of two separate, modified ovid surfaces with their own joint cavities

Question 13

subtalar joint supination and pronation are measured by

Answer 13

the amount of calcaneal (hindfoot) inversion and eversion

Question 14

close packed position of the subtalar joint

Answer 14

full inversion

Question 15

open packed position of the subtalar joint

Answer 15

inversion/plantar flexion

Question 16

superficial talocalcaneal joint ligaments

Answer 16

posterior talocalcaneal and lateral calcaneal

Question 17

deep talocalcaneal joint ligaments

Answer 17

interosseus, cervical, and axial ligaments

Question 18

midtarsal joint complex

Answer 18

made up of the talonavicular and calcaneocuboid articulations

Question 19

Talonavicular joint

Answer 19

synovial, compound, modified ovoid joint

formed by talus, navicular, calcaneus, and spring ligament

Question 20

spring ligament

Answer 20

aka plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

connects the navicular bone to the sustentaculum tali on the calcaneus

Question 21

calcaneocubiod joint

Answer 21

simple, synovial, modified sellar joint

Question 22

ligaments of the calcaneocuboid joint

Answer 22

long plantar ligament and a portion of the bifurcate ligament

Question 23

cuneonavicular joint

Answer 23

compound, synovial, modified ovoid joint

Question 24

Intercuneiform and cuneocubiod joints

Answer 24

compound, synovial, modified ovoid joints

Question 25

Cubometatarsal joint

Answer 25

when considered alone, a compound, modified ovoid, synovial joint

Question 26

Cubonavicular joint

Answer 26

syndesmosis/plane surfaced joint

Question 27

Intermetatarsal joints

Answer 27

the first is classified as SIMPLE synovial modified ovoid and the second third and fourth are classifies as COMPOUND

Question 28

MTP Joints

Answer 28

simple synovial modified ovoid

Question 29

IP Joints

Answer 29

simple synovial modified sellar joints

Question 30

Claw toe

Answer 30

hyperextension of the MTP joints and flexion of the PIP and DIP joints

Question 31

hammer toe

Answer 31

hyperextension of the MTP and DIP joints and flexion of the PIP

Question 32

Mallet toe

Answer 32

hyperflexion of the DIP joint with callus formation of the dorsum of the affected joint

Question 33

hallux valgus

Answer 33

lateral deviation of the proximal phalanx of the first toe with pain on the medial side of the 1st MTP which can result in external rotation of the first ray

Question 34

Bunion at the fifth MTP

Answer 34

tailors bunion or a bunionette

Question 35

Plantar fascia runs

Answer 35

from os calcis and inserts through a complex network to the plantar forefoot

Question 36

pes cavus

Answer 36

abnormally high arch

Question 37

pes planus

Answer 37

absent arch

Question 38

Anterior compartment of extrinsic muscles of the foot

Answer 38

dorsiflexors | tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum, extensor hallucis longus, and peroneus tertius

Question 39

tibialis anterior

Answer 39

strongest dorsiflexor

Question 40

loss of tibialis anterior strength can lead to

Answer 40

steppage or drop-foot gait

Question 41

Posterior superficial compartment of extrinsic muscles of the foot

Answer 41

located posterior to the interosseous membrane, contains plantarflexors gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris

Question 42

posterior deep compartment of extrinsic muscles of the foot

Answer 42

foot flexors | posterior tibialis, fleexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus

Question 43

Lateral compartment compartment of extrinsic muscles of the foot

Answer 43

peroneus longus and brevis

Question 44

intrinsic muscles of the foot

Answer 44

divided into four layers

Question 45

first layer of the intrinsic muscles of the foot

Answer 45

abductor hallucis, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digitorum brevis

Question 46

second layer of the intrinsic muscles of the foot

Answer 46

flexor digitorum accessorius (quadratus plantae), the lumbricals

Question 47

third layer of the intrinsic muscles of the foot

Answer 47

flexor hallucis brevis, flexor digiti minimi, adductor hallucis

Question 48

fourth layer of the intrinsic muscles of the foot

Answer 48

dorsal and plantar interossei

Question 49

Dorsal intrinsic muscles of the foot

Answer 49

extensor hallucis brevis and extensor digitorum brevis

Question 50

Arches of the foot

Answer 50

medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, and transverse

Question 51

medial longitudinal arch

Answer 51

made up of the first three digits, their metatarsals, the cuneiforms, navicular and talus

Question 52

lateral longitudinal arch

Answer 52

made up of digits 4 and 5, their metatarsals, the cubiod, and calcaneus

Question 53

the transverse arch

Answer 53

formed by the five metatarsal bones

Question 54

dropped transverse arch leads to

Answer 54

excessive pressure between the metatarsal heads | can lead to morton's neuroma

Question 55

the saphenous nerve

Answer 55

largest cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve | supplies the medial aspect of the foot

Question 56

the sciatic nerve

Answer 56

provides sensory and motor innervation to the foot and leg

Question 57

sciatic nerve divides into

Answer 57

the common peroneal and tibial nerves

Question 58

tarsal tunnel syndrome

Answer 58

neuropathy of the posterior tibial nerve due to tunnel compression or stretching

Question 59

MOI in tarsal tunnel

Answer 59

repetitive hyperflexion or hyperextension motion resulting in tenosynovitis with constriction of the posterior tibial nerve

Question 60

motion in the frontal plane

Answer 60

inversion and eversion

Question 61

motion in the sagittal plane

Answer 61

dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

Question 62

motion in the horizontal plane

Answer 62

adduction and abduction

Question 63

triplane motion

Answer 63

movement about an obliquely oriented axis through all three body planes pronation and supination are considered triplanar

Question 64

where does triplanar motion occur

Answer 64

the talocrural, subtalar, and midtarsal joints, and at the first and fifth rays

Question 65

supination is a combined motion of

Answer 65

adduction, plantarflexion, and inversion

Question 66

Normal alignment of the first MTP lies between

Answer 66

5 degrees varus and 15 degrees valgus

Question 67

Gout

Answer 67

purine metabolism disorder leads to deposition of sodium monourate crystals into joint capsules and subq tissues

Question 68

prevalence of gout

Answer 68

20:1 in males, ages 40-60

Question 69

symptoms can be referred to the foot and ankle from

Answer 69

L4-S2 nerve roots