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Exam 1 Material Flashcards

1
Q

Microbiology

A

Study of entities too small to be seen with the unaided human eye

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2
Q

This person developed a taxonomic system for naming plants and animals and grouping similar organisms together

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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3
Q

Genus species

A

Binomial nomenclature

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4
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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5
Q

What are the four subdivisions of the eukarya domain?

A

Fungi
Protista
Algae
Animalia

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6
Q

What is the difference between bacteria and archaea?

A

Archaea do NOT cause disease

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7
Q

What did Leeuwenhoek term what he saw under magnification?

A

Animalcules

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8
Q

On the ancestral cell line, which domains branch off the same root?

A

Archaea and Eukarya

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9
Q

Another term for spontaneous generation

A

Abiogenesis

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10
Q

What is spontaneous generation?

A

Living organisms can arise from nonliving matter

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11
Q

Who proposed spontaneous generation?

A

Aristotle

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12
Q

Who challenged spontaneous generation with meat in a flask?

A

Francesco Redi

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13
Q

Who was a supporter of spontaneous generation?

A

John Needham

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14
Q

Who challenged spontaneous generation by boiling broth in a flask?

A

Lazarro Spellanzani

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15
Q

Who is the father of microbiology?

A

Leewenhoek

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16
Q

Who is the father of MODERN microbiology?

A

Pasteur

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17
Q

Who ended spontaneous generation by preforming experiments in a swan neck flask?

A

Pasteur

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18
Q

What is the sugar fungus that makes beer?

A

Saccaromyces cerevisiae

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19
Q

Who developed the germ theory of disease?

A

Pasteur 1857

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20
Q

Study of causation of disease

A

Etiology

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21
Q

Who discovered the cause of anthrax and tuberculosis?

A

Koch

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22
Q

What is the bacteria that causes anthrax?

A

Bacillus anthracis

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23
Q

What is the bacteria that causes TB?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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24
Q

What was a technique of Koch that we use today?

A

Method of isolation - agar

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25
What are Koch's postulates used for?
Steps that must be taken to prove the cause of any infectious disease
26
What are Koch's four postulates?
Suspected agent must be found in every case of disease and absent in healthy hosts, agent must be isolated and grown outside host, when agent is introduced into a healthy susceptible host they must get the disease, and same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host
27
Hand washing
Semmelweis | Weis - Wash
28
Antiseptic technique
Lister | think Listerine
29
Cleanliness techniques in nursing
Nightingale | prof Nightingale dressed as a nurse
30
Infection control/field of epidemiology
Snow
31
Smallpox vaccine/field of immunology
Jenner
32
Magic Bullets/field of chemotherapy
Ehrlich
33
Cadaver particles caused what disease in women in labor?
Puerperal fever
34
Study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease in humans
Epidemiology
35
John Snow was the foundation for what two branches of micro?
Infection control | Epidemiology
36
Chemicals are studied for their potential to destroy pathogenic organisms
Chemotherapy
37
A condition acquired from eating infected beef
variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
38
In vCJD, the brain is full of sponge-like holes known as what?
Spongiform encephalopathy
39
What are the four processes of life?
Growth Reproduction Responsiveness Metabolism
40
What is the root of something that responds to the environment?
-taxis
41
What are the two main features of prokaryotes?
Lack nucleus | Circular DNA
42
What are the two main features of eukaryotes?
Have nucleus | Linear DNA
43
What are two types of glycocalyces on bacterial cells?
Capsule and slime layer
44
Firmly attached to cell surface and may prevent bacteria from being recognized by host
Capsule
45
Loosely attached to cell surface and provides a sticky surface
Slime layer
46
Responsible for movement of some bacteria
Flagella
47
When a bacteria runs, what is the movement like?
Straight line
48
When a bacteria tumbles, what is the movement like?
Spins
49
What are bacterial cell walls composed of?
Peptidoglycan
50
What are the two basic types of bacterial cell walls?
Gram + and Gram -
51
Gram + have a thick layer of peptidoglycan and appear what color?
Purple
52
What are the unique polyalcohols in Gram + cells called which provide rigidity?
Teichoic acids
53
Gram - bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan and appear what color?
Red
54
Bacterial cytoplasmic membranes maintain what two gradients?
Concentration and electrical gradient
55
List 3 passive processes
Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis
56
List 2 active processes
Active transport | Group translocation
57
Substance is chemically modified during transport and no longer a viable candidate to go back out of the membrane
Group translocation
58
Osmosis goes from what concentration to what concentration?
From low to high concentration
59
There is the same concentration inside and outside the cell
Isotonic solution
60
There is more concentration inside the cell, so water rushes in resulting in rupture of the cell
Hypotonic solution
61
There is more concentration outside the cell, resulting in crenation or dehydration
Hypertonic solution
62
Unique structures produced by some bacteria that are a defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions
Endospores
63
What is the size prokaryotic ribosomes?
70S
64
What are the two subunits of prokaryotic ribosomes?
30S and 50S
65
Do archaea cell walls contain peptidoglycan?
Do NOT have peptidoglycan
66
Animals and most protozoan cells lack this
Cell walls
67
Cells using endocytosis will form this to bring something into the cell
Pseudopodia
68
Solid imported into cell
Phagocytosis
69
Liquid imported into cell
Pinocytosis
70
Eukaryotic flagella do not rotate but do this instead
Undulate rhythmically
71
Do prokaryotic cells have cilia?
No prokaryotic cells have cilia
72
What is the size of eukaryotic ribosomes?
80S
73
What is the size of 2 subunits of eukaryotic ribosomes?
40S and 60S
74
In the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotes, what is the size of their ribosomes?
70S
75
Plants, algae, most fungi, and prokaryotes lack this, a structure that plays a role in mitosis
Centrioles
76
This is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
77
This functions as the transport system in the eukaryotic cell
Endoplasmic reticulum
78
This organelle receives and packages molecules but is not present in all eukaryotic cells
Golgi body
79
This is the second most important organelle in the cell that is known as the powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
80
Prokaryotes lack this organelle which is a light-harvesting structure
Chloroplasts
81
The shortest distance between two points on a specimen that can still be distinguished by the observer as separate entities
Resolution
82
Differences in intensity between two objects, or between an object and background
Contrast
83
Name 4 simple stains
Crystal violet Safranin Methylene blue Malachite green
84
Name 3 differential stains
Gram stain Acid-fast stain Endospore stain
85
Name 2 special stains
Negative stain | Flagellar stain
86
List the 4 steps of Gram staining
Flood with crystal violet Iodine = mordant Ethanol and acetone solution Safranin = counter stain
87
This type of bacteria does not have peptidoglycan cell walls but a waxy mycolic acid content instead
Mycobacteria
88
Due to the waxy walls of mycobateria, what staining procedure is used?
Acid-Fast stain
89
What colors are produced in acid-fast stains?
Red- acid fast | Blue- negative for acid fast
90
What colors are produced in endospore staining?
Green- endospore | Red- vegetative cell
91
Series of paired statements where only one of two "either/or" choices applies to any particular organism
Dichotomous keys

Microbiology (10 decks)

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