Exam 2 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment

Question 1

Removal or destruction of ALL microbes, including viruses and bacterial endospores, in or on an object

Answer 1

Sterilization

Question 2

An environment or procedure that is free of contamination by pathogens

Answer 2

Aseptic

Question 3

Use of physical or chemical agents known as disinfectants; DOES NOT guarantee all pathogens are eliminated

Answer 3

Disinfection

Question 4

When a chemical is used on skin or other tissue

Answer 4

Antisepsis/antiseptic

Question 5

Removal of microbes from a surface by scrubbing

Answer 5

Degerming

Question 6

Process of disinfecting places and utensils used by the public

Answer 6

Sanitization

Question 7

Use of heat to kill pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage microorganisms in food and beverages

Answer 7

Pasteurization

Question 8

-stasis/-static

Answer 8

Chemical or physical agent inhibits microbial metabolism and growth

Question 9

-cide/-cidal

Answer 9

Agents that destroy or permanently inactivate a particular type of microbe

Question 10

Permanent loss of reproductive ability under ideal environmental conditions

Answer 10

Microbial death

Question 11

Measurement of efficacy of an antimicrobial agent

Answer 11

Microbial death rate

Question 12

What are the 2 main actions of antimicrobial agents?

Answer 12

Alteration of cell walls and membranes

Damage to proteins and nucleic acids

Question 13

Characteristics of ideal antimicrobial agents

Answer 13

Inexpensive
Fast
Stable
Selective toxicity

Question 14

Control microbial growth but harmless to humans, animals, and objects

Answer 14

Selective toxicity

Question 15

These are the most resistant microorganisms to kill

Answer 15

Prions and endospores

Question 16

These bacteria are the easiest to kill

Answer 16

Gram (+) bacteria

Question 17

Why are Gram (-) bacteria more resistant than Gram (+)?

Answer 17

They have 2 layers in the cell

More r plasmids (resistance)

Question 18

This level of germicide kills ALL pathogens, including endospores (sterilization)

Answer 18

High-level

Question 19

This level of germicide kills fungal spores, protozoan cysts, viruses, and pathogenic bacteria (disinfect instruments)

Answer 19

Intermediate-level

Question 20

This level of germicide eliminates vegetative bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and some viruses (disinfect skin)

Answer 20

Low-level

Question 21

What are the ideal conditions for antimicrobial?

Answer 21

Warm acidic conditions

Question 22

What are 4 methods of moist heat?

Answer 22

Boiling
Autoclaving
Pasteurization
Ultrahigh-temp sterilization

Question 23

Endospores, prions, protozoan cysts, and some viruses can survive this method of moist heat

Answer 23

Boiling

Question 24

This is the best method of moist heat for sterilization

Answer 24

Autoclaving (pressure applied which prevents steam from escaping)

Question 25

This method of moist heat is used for milk, ice cream, yogurt and fruit juices but does not sterilize

Answer 25

Pasteurization

Question 26

This method of moist heat allows treated liquids to be stored at room temperature and has a shelf life of 6-9 months until open

Answer 26

Ultrahigh-temperature sterilization

Question 27

This is the ultimate means of sterilization

Answer 27

Incineration

Question 28

What are 2 methods of dry heat?

Answer 28

Hot air | Incineration

Question 29

This halts the growth of most pathogens with the exception of Listeria and Yersinia

Answer 29

Refrigeration

Question 30

Drying inhibits growth due to removal of water

Answer 30

Dessication

Question 31

Used for long-term preservation of microbial cultures

Answer 31

Lyophilization (freeze drying)

Question 32

Passage of a fluid through a sieve designed to trap particles and separate them from the fluid

Answer 32

Filtration

Question 33

High concentrations of salt or sugar in foods to inhibit growth

Answer 33

Osmotic pressure

Question 34

Fungi have greater ability than bacteria to survive what type of osmotic conditions?

Answer 34

Hypertonic conditions

Question 35

This form of radiation is effective at killing but does not penetrate well

Answer 35

Electron beams

Question 36

This form of radiation penetrates well but requires hours to kill microbes; also prevents overripening of foods

Answer 36

Gamma rays

Question 37

This is a form of non-ionizing radiation that does not penetrate well but is suitable for disinfecting air, transparent fluids, and surfaces of object

Answer 37

UV light

Question 38

This method of microbial control is often more effective against enveloped viruses and vegetative cells of bacteria, fungi, and protozoa

Answer 38

Chemical methods

Question 39

Chemical method that is an intermediate-low level disinfectant such as Lysol and pine-sol

Answer 39

Phenol and phenolics

Question 40

Chemical method that is an intermediate level disinfectant that is more effective than soap in removing bacteria from hands

Answer 40

Alcohols

Question 41

Chemical method that is an intermediate-level antimicrobial chemical including iodine, chlorine, bromine, fluorine

Answer 41

Halogens

Question 42

This halogen is used in preparation for surgery and is also in combination with a detergent

Answer 42

Iodophores (betadine)

Question 43

This chemical method is a high-level disinfectant including peroxides, ozone, and peracetic acid

Answer 43

Oxidizing agents

Question 44

Why should we not use hydrogen peroxide in wound care?

Answer 44

Cytotoxic to healthy cells and granulating tissues

Question 45

What should we use to clean wounds?

Answer 45

Normal saline | Commercial wound cleansers

Question 46

This chemical method includes soap and detergents

Answer 46

Surfactants

Question 47

These are good at degerming agents but not antimicrobial

Answer 47

Soap

Question 48

These are low-level disinfectants that include Quats

Answer 48

Detergents

Question 49

How should we disinfect adjusting tables?

Answer 49

Clean excess dirt first Wipe surface Must be visibly wet for 4 minutes Let air dry