Exam 1 Material Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Ecology
A
Study of relationship between organism and environment
2
Q
Theophastus
A
Wrote books on relationship between animals and nature
3
Q
Alexander von Humboldt
A
Father of ecology who studied species distribution
4
Q
Modern ecology uses…. (2)
A
Experiments and models for documentation
How human activities affect nature
5
Q
5 units of ecology and define them
A
Organism- 1 or multiple individuals Population- group of ONE species Community- diff species same environ Ecosystem- biotic and abiotic factors Biosphere-global scale
6
Q
What is spatial ecology?
A
Microhabitat vs Landscape
7
Q
What is temporal ecology?
A
Daily vs seasonal vs yearly vs 100 years
8
Q
Define basic ecology
A
Questions of nature
9
Q
Define Applied ecology
A
Using basic ecology and applying it to real life
10
Q
How do ecologists study nature?
A
Observation
Experiments
Models
11
Q
Observation
A
Oldest and most traditional method
12
Q
Experiment
A
Changing SOME variables to test a HYPOTHESIS
13
Q
What type of models are used
A
Mathematical and computer
14
Q
Define biome
A
Large GEOGRAPHICAL area of DISTINCT plant and animals groups ADPATED to that area
15
Q
What two things influence a biome?
A
Climate and soil type
16
Q
tropical rain forest
A
High temps
High biomass
Nutrient poor soil high biodiversity
Lots of rain
17
Q
Why do tropical rain forests have low nutrient soil?
A
Rain washes the nutrients away and there are lots of decomposers that turn the nutrients into inorganic materials
18
Q
tropical dry forests
A
Have dry and wet season
Found around tropical rain forests
High temp
Soil vulnerable to erosion during dry season
19
Q
How do animals deal with dry seasons in tropical dry forests
A
Estivation
Migration
20
Q
How do plants deal with tropical dry forests’ dry season?
A
Loses leaves
Deep roots
Each leaf coating to keep in water
21
Q
________ forests brun easily during dry season and people turn it into _______.
A
Tropical dry; farmland
22
Q
Tropical savanna
A
Lots of grassland Barely any trees Poor soil High temps Lots of lightning fires Has wet and dry season
23
Q
Desert
A
High temps No rain Deep rooted plants Africa N. amer and Australia Small shrubs and grass
24
Q
Do cacti have deep roots
A
No!! Shallow roots near surface
25
Desertification
Unnatural land degradation leading to more desert areas
26
How can you fix desertification
Plant trees
Farm without plows
Put up vegetation fences
27
How much of soils is vulnerable to desertification
1/3
28
Mediterranean woodland and shrubland
Cold wet winter
Dry hot summer
Lots of natural fires
Soil prone to erosion
29
Which biome benefits best from natural fires
Mediterranean woodland and shrubland
30
Three regions of temperate grassland and characteristics
```
West (short)
East (tall)
Middle (mixed grass)
Good farmland
Nutrient rich soil
Low biodiversity
```
31
Temperate forest
Nutrient rich soil
Lots of trees
Hot summer
Cold winter
32
Boreal Forest
```
Found in northern/cold regions
Forest covered in snow
Hot summer cold winter
Little rain
Nutrient rich soil on surface
```
33
What is the biggest problems facing boreal and temperate forests
Deforestation
34
Tar sands
Used for waterproofing materials in buildings, binding agent in asphalt and crude oil
35
Tundra
```
NO TREES
Short grass
Soil almost always frozen
Little rain
Low nutrient soil
```
36
Define permafrost and where is it found?
Thick subsurface of soil that remains frozen ALWAYS
| tundra
37
How do plants grow in the tundra
Short/close to ground with shallow roots
38
What are two causes of disturbance to the tundra
Oil pipelines and climate change
39
where is most the h2o located
Ocean
40
What are the three oceanic zones
Oceanic, neritic, Intertidal
41
How many oceans are there
5
42
Which ocean is the largest
Pacific
43
Oceanic zone
```
High temps in tropical areas
Lots of rain at equator
High salinity
biomass high near surface
Far away from land
```
44
Thermocljne
Sudden deep change in temperature at about 200 meter
45
what are the three zones within the oceanic zone
Euphotic
Bathyal
Abyssal
46
Euphotic
Above 200 m
| Sunlight
47
Bathyal
200-1500 meters
| Cold
48
Abyssal
1500 meter and below
| Very cold/icy
49
Oxygen _______ from surface to bottom while nutrients ________ from surface to bottom.
Decreases; increases
50
where is there high amount of biomass
Near the surface (euphotic zone)
51
Upwelling
Wind blows away surface layer of water and DEEPER COLDER NUTRIENT RICH WATER rises up to replace it
52
Overfishing
Removing a fish species at such a fast rate that the SPECIES CANNOT REPLENISH and becomes depleted or underpopulated
53
Bycatch
Catching species that you shouldn’t or don’t want while fishing
54
what are the two systems in the neritic zone?
Kelp forest and coral reef
55
What type of water does kelp grow in
Shallow nutrient rich water
56
Does kelp grow in tropical waters?
NO
57
Do help forests have high diversity
Yes!
58
What are the five layers of a kelp forest
```
Canopy
Epiphytes
Water columns
understory
Encrusting
```
59
Coral
Sessile animal that relies on relAtionship with plant like algae
60
Where is coral found
Tropical areas
61
What are the three types of coral reef
Fringing
Barrier
Atoll
62
Fringing reef
Close and touches coastal line or land
63
Barrier reef
Small lagoon or body of water between reef and land
64
Atoll reef
No land need reef
65
Coral bleaching
Loss of color due to environmental changes
66
Intertidal zone
Beach
Different Zones
Closest to shore line
High diversity
67
What are the two zones within intertidal zone
Rocky shoreline
| Coastal wetland
68
What are the two types of coastal wetlands
Marsh
| Mangrove
69
Coastal wetland
Happens between sea and land and acts as a buffer zone
70
Marsh
No trees just grass
71
Mangrove
No grass just trees
72
Why are coastal wetlands important
Remove CO2 from the air
73
Channel (of a river)
Just the water
74
Riparian zone
Includes water and areas the water can reach
75
What is the equation for discharge
Discharge= area x velocity
76
Lots of rain leads to a _______ discharge
Higher
77
Floodplain
Area that can flood when discharge is high
78
Biochemical oxygen demand
Measure of how much dissolve oxygen is consumed as MICROBES break down organic matter
79
What causes high BOD
Organic pollution in high amounts
80
Is a high BOD bad or good
BAD!!!
81
River continuum concept
Entire river is a system
| Environment, abiotic, and biotic factors change from the mouth to the head of the river
82
What part of the rice is cleaner, narrow, and colder
Head
83
What part of the rivers is warmer, wider, and less clean
Mouth
84
What are the three zones in a lake
Epilimnion
Metalimnion
Hypolimnion
85
Epilimnion
Shallow and warm (lake)
86
Metalimnion
Middle, lukewarm (lake)
87
Hypolimnion
Deep, cold (lake)
88
There’s a (high or low) H2O density when the water is cold?
High
89
Overturn
When H2O is the same density uniformly the wind can mix it around a lot
90
When does overturn happen
Autumn and spring
91
Macroclimate vs microclimate
Gobal versus very small scale
92
Psychrophile
Organism that REPRODUCES AND GROWS BEST @ -10-20 degrees Celsius
93
Thermophiles
Microorganisms with optimale growth between 60-108 degrees C
94
Acclamation
SLOW REVERSIBLE CHANGE to body allowing an organism to HANDLE a different environment
95
Does climate affect affect organisms?
Yes!!
96
What is the heat balance equation
Ha= Hm + Hcd + Hcv +/- Hr - He
97
Ectothermic
Body temp is regulated by environment
| Small Hm
98
Ectotherms metabolism ______ as temp decreases
Decreases
99
Endothermic
Maintain a constant body temp independent of the environment
Large Hm
100
Thermal neutral zone (tnz)
Range of temps healthy adult animal can maintain a normal body temp WITHOUT needing to use excess energy
101
Animals that live in colder environments has _______ TNZs
Higher
102
what is the water acquisition equation for animals
Wia = Wd + Wf + Wa - We - Ws
103
What is the water acquisition equation for plants
Wip = Wr + Wa - Wt -Ws
104
Four ways plants conserve water
Few stomata
Dormancy
C4 and CAM
Thick leaves
105
What happens when there’s too much water
There’s no O2 for the plant to use
106
Osmosis
Water movement from HIGH CONCENTRATIONS to LOW CONCENTRATIONS
107
Hyperosmotic
Low water concentrations and high solute concentrations
108
Hypoosmotic
High water concentrations and low solute concentrations
109
Hyperosmotic is normally (fresh or ocean water) and hypoosmotic is....
Fresh
| Ocean
110
Osmocomformer
Maintain internal environment that is osmotic to external environment
Can’t regulate salinity
111
Osmoregulator
Regulate osmolarity and salinity
