Ecology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

population

A

individuals of a SINGLE SPECIES that live in a PARTICULAR AREA & INTERACT WITH one another

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2
Q

Does the number of individuals impact the area of a population

A

nope!

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3
Q

what are the four things studied in population ecology

A

how disease spreads
invasive species
assess changes in population numbers
endangered species

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4
Q

what are the two rules of nature

A

no single species can tolerate the full range of earth’s environment
there are few environment on earth without life

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5
Q

what is an example of one animal that can without a broad temperature range

A

killer whale

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6
Q

ecological niche

A

position on species in an ecosystem that describes RANGE OF CONDITIONS necessary for PERSISTENCE OF SPECIES
effect of the ENVIRONMENT on the species

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7
Q

fundamental niche

A

entire set of conditions for populations or species to survive and reproduce

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8
Q

realized niche

A

set of conditions actually used by a given population or species

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9
Q

what are way a realized niche can grow

A

lack of predators
recruitment
habitat improvements

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10
Q

what accounts for a random distribution

A

stable environment
new environment
low predation
low competition

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11
Q

why do populations clump together

A

due to a set of resources

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12
Q

what causes a regular distribution

A

competition

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13
Q

can distribution change with age

A

yes, it can

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14
Q

population density

A

of individuals you can find in a certain area

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15
Q

is the relationship between body size and population density positive or negative

A

negative

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16
Q

______ body size then population density _____

A

increase; decreases

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17
Q

population dynamics

A

study of factors influencing expansion, decline, or maintenance of population

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18
Q

what is the equation for population dynamics

A

Nt= Nt-1 + B + I - D - E

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19
Q

birthrate

A

of young born per female in a period of time

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20
Q

what are the units of birthrate

A

Nb/female*time

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21
Q

death rate

A

of deaths in a population SCALED TO SIZE OF THAT POPULATION per unit of time

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22
Q

what are the units of death rate

A

N/100*year

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23
Q

survivorship curve

A

constructed for a given cohort, A GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS ROUGHLY THE SAME AGE, based on a life table

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24
Q

what is the survivorship equation

A

survived= # born - # died

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25
type 1 survivorship curve characteristics
good parenting low birth rate high survivorship
26
type 2 survivorship curve characteristics
intermediate parenting and birthrate
27
type 3 survivorship curve characteristics
not good parenting low survivorship high birth rate
28
what animals fall under a type 1 survivorship curve
humans elephants cheetah mice
29
what animals fall under a type 2 survivorship curve
squirrels | birds
30
what animals fall under type 3 survivorship curve
insects | fish
31
which age structure do we know best
human !!
32
how is age structure studied
split into genders
33
in a population that is expanding rapidly, there are lots of _____ people
lots
34
in a population that is declining, there are lots of ____ people
old
35
what countries are expanding rapidly
guatemala nigeria saudi arabia
36
what countries are declining
russia germany bulgaria
37
what countries are expanding slowly
US australia china
38
gene flow
transfer of genetic variation from one population to another
39
what's another phrase for gene flow
gene migration
40
dispersal
seed movement via wind, H2O, and animals
41
what are the two types of range expansion
diffusion and jump
42
diffusion range expansion
move gradually
43
jump range expansion
gap between central and new population
44
what is jump range expansion caused by
competition or travel
45
what is the problem with diffusion range expansion
doesn't consider time
46
who coined the term metapopulation
richard levins
47
metapopulation
group of spatially separated populations of the same species which INTERACT AT SOME LEVEL
48
why is metapopulation important to study
movement of indiv's effect on a population
49
where do metapopulations occur
islands and patches of forest
50
what are two concept under metapopulation (s&s)
source | sink
51
source
where individuals are coming from
52
sink
where population will accept individuals
53
does geometric growth work for animals? why or why not
no because old and sexually immature animals cannot reproduce
54
how do you calculate "r" (per capita growth rate)
birth - death
55
why does exponential growth occur in a population
lots of resources reintroduction of a species stable environment invasive species
56
what type of growth does nature tend to follow
logistic
57
per capita growth rate _______ when population size ______ for a logistic growth curve
decreases; increases
58
how is population density calculated
population/area
59
density independent factors
affect per capita growth rate independently of population density
60
density dependent factors
cause the per capita growth rate to decrease with and increase in population density
61
density independent factors include....
abiotic factors
62
density dependent factors include......
biotic factors
63
allee affect
beginning population needs LOTS OF INDIVIDUALS in order to survive
64
reproductive effort
proportion of total energy budget of an organism that is devoted to reproductive PROCESSES
65
does the mortality rate matter
yerrrrrrrrrrrrr
66
increased mortality leads to _____ sexual maturity and ______ energy for reproduction
earlier; more
67
r-selected species
LAYS MANY EGGS | bad parenting
68
k-selected species
DON'T PRODUCE A LOT | fairly good parenting
69
disturbance
doesn't last long
70
stress
constant issue
71
what 2 factors does the CRS model compare
stress and disturbance
72
Based on CRS: high disturbance, low stress _____ low disturbance, low stress ______ low disturbance, high stress ______
ruberals competitive stress-tolerant
73
what is the CRS model good for modeling
plants!

Ecology (4 decks)

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