Exam 1 Notes

Question 1

How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century?

Answer 1

The size of armies decreased as they professionalized and became more efficient.

Question 2

The primary cause of the 1688-1689 Glorious Revolution in England was

Answer 2

a fear that James II would establish Catholic absolutism.

Question 3

How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?

Answer 3

He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France’s thirty-two districts.

Question 4

Which was a social consequence of Peter the Great’s bureaucratic system?

Answer 4

People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions.

Question 5

Domestic political power in the Dutch Republic in the late seventeenth century was held by

Answer 5

the stadholder and his royal courtiers.

Question 6

The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that

Answer 6

the power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war.

Question 7

Oliver Cromwell’s Protectorate was ultimately a

Answer 7

military dictatorship.

Question 8

Cardinal Jules Mazarin’s struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war led to the uprisings of 1648-1653, known as the

Answer 8

Fronde.

Question 9

How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?

Answer 9

Louis XIV of France’s grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united

Question 10

The trivial rituals performed at the court of Versailles were important because they gave nobles

Answer 10

access to Louis XIV.

Question 11

Mercantilist theory postulated that

Answer 11

economic activity should be regulated by and for the state.

Question 12

Oliver Cromwell’s Protectorate was ultimately a

Answer 12

military dictatorship.

Question 13

How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?

Answer 13

Religious toleration was adopted throughout the Holy Roman Empire.

Question 14

French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on

Answer 14

reducing the economic power of the Low Countries.

Question 15

How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century?

Answer 15

The population was significantly reduced due to malnutrition and starvation.

Question 16

The baroque style flourished in the context of the

Answer 16

Catholic Reformation.

Question 17

Which monarch issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598 that gave French Protestants the right to worship?

Answer 17

Henry IV

Question 18

The heightened central control established by absolutist and constitutional governments led to which outcome?

Answer 18

Growth in armed forces

Question 19

After his victory in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great built a new, Western-style capital on the Baltic called

Answer 19

St. Petersburg

Question 20

The primary cause of the 1688-1689 Glorious Revolution in England was

Answer 20

a fear that James II would establish Catholic absolutism.

Question 21

Charles I did not like calling Parliament into session, but what occurred in 1641 that made him call a session?

Answer 21

Scottish Calvinists revolted against his religious policy, and he needed funds for an army.

Question 22

Why did the English government arrive at a crisis by 1640?

Answer 22

Charles I imposed unwelcome laws and reforms on the country

Question 23

The 1688-1689 Glorious Revolution and the concept of representative government found their best defense in the Second Treatise of Civil Government by

Answer 23

John Locke

Question 24

Which treaty ended the War of the Spanish Succession and created the understanding that the French and Spanish Crowns would never unite?

Answer 24

Peace of Utrecht

Question 25

In music, the baroque style reached its culmination in the work of

Answer 25

Johann Sebastian Bach.

Question 26

Which statement best characterizes the Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689?

Answer 26

The revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution because sovereignty was placed in Parliament, which only represented the upper classes.

Question 27

In return for financial support, Charles II of England secretly promised Louis XIV of France that

Answer 27

English laws against Catholics would be eased and England gradually re-Catholicized.

Question 28

Mercantilist theory postulated that

Answer 28

economic activity should be regulated by and for the state

Question 29

France’s strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of

Answer 29

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Question 30

French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on

Answer 30

preventing the Habsburgs from unifying the territories surrounding France

Question 31

How did Frederick William of Prussia, the Great Elector, persuade the Junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army?

Answer 31

He confirmed the Junkers’ privileges, including their authority over the serfs.

Question 32

The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu’s domestic policies was

Answer 32

the subordination of all institutions to the monarchy.

Question 33

Domestic political power in the Dutch Republic in the late seventeenth century was held by

Answer 33

an oligarchy of wealthy businessmen

Question 34

The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that

Answer 34

the power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war.

Question 35

How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?

Answer 35

Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end

Question 36

In general, what was Voltaire’s attitude toward government?

Answer 36

He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government.

Question 37

Who was Denis Diderot’s coeditor of the Encyclopedia?

Answer 37

Jean le Rond d'Alembert

Question 38

Catherine the Great’s goal of domestic reform never came to fruition because of

Answer 38

the rebellion led by Emelian Pugachev in 1773

Question 39

How did European governments respond to the new science?

Answer 39

They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.

Question 40

Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that

Answer 40

women were best suited to a passive role in social relations.

Question 41

Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a

Answer 41

clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs.

Question 42

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as

Answer 42

rococo

Question 43

Which book by the baron de Montesquieu uses two foreign travelers to critique European customs?

Answer 43

The Persian Letters

Question 44

The enlightened policies of Frederick the Great included

Answer 44

simplifying Prussia’s laws.

Question 45

The most influential aspect of René Descartes’s theories of nature was that

Answer 45

the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion

Question 46

Rousseau’s concept of the general will asserts that

Answer 46

the general will is not necessarily the will of the majority.

Question 47

Which aspect of society during the Enlightenment enabled elites in the Western world to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?

Answer 47

The emergence of scientific racism, which proposed a biological inferiority in races

Question 48

Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing to publication of

Answer 48

Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World.

Question 49

After the development of the idea of "race," Europeans increasingly defined themselves in relation to other peoples as Correct!

Answer 49

biologically superior as well as culturally superior

Question 50

The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to

Answer 50

an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues.

Question 51

Who wrote The Sidereal Messenger and claimed that the use of a telescope could free anyone from wordy disputes on whether the sun was the center of the universe?

Answer 51

Galileo Galilei

Question 52

Why did Leopold II cancel his brother Joseph’s radical edicts in the early 1790s?

Answer 52

Leopold was attempting to restore order in Austria

Question 53

Which definition describes the Republic of Letters?

Answer 53

A cosmopolitan network involving western Europe and its colonies as well as eastern Europe and Russia

Question 54

Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century?

Answer 54

Prussia, Russia, and Austria

Question 55

Catherine the Great’s goal of domestic reform never came to fruition because of

Answer 55

the rebellion led by Emelian Pugachev in 1773.

Question 56

Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through

Answer 56

a military coup.

Question 57

The discipline of natural philosophy focused on

Answer 57

fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.

Question 58

Who wrote An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776)?

Answer 58

Adam Smith

Question 59

The most influential aspect of René Descartes’s theories of nature was that

Answer 59

the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion.

Question 60

In the eighteenth century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that

Answer 60

landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed to increase farming efficiency.

Question 61

Which statement describes a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?

Answer 61

The rural poor worked for low wages.

Question 62

The industrious revolution was a result of

Answer 62

poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods.

Question 63

The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also

Answer 63

gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies

Question 64

Wealthy Spanish landowners kept Indigenous workers on their estates through a system of

Answer 64

debt peonage in which landowners advanced food, shelter, and some money, thus keeping the workers in perpetual debt.

Question 65

Which statement characterizes the condition of peasants in western Europe in the eighteenth century?

Answer 65

They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children.

Question 66

Population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century occurred

Answer 66

in all regions.

Question 67

The treaty that ended the Seven Years’ War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and that ratified British victory on all colonial fronts was the

Answer 67

Treaty of Paris.

Question 68

At the center of Adam Smith’s arguments in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations was the belief that

Answer 68

the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens.

Question 69

From 1701 to 1763, the stakes in the wars between Great Britain and France involved

Answer 69

the position as Europe’s leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe’s overseas expansion.

Question 70

the position as Europe’s leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe’s overseas expansion.

Answer 70

an inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare.

Question 71

Britain’s great rival for influence in India in the eighteenth century was

Answer 71

France.

Question 72

In the putting-out system, merchant capitalists complained bitterly about

Answer 72

their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers.

Question 73

Per the terms of the 1713 Peace of Utrecht, Britain gained

Answer 73

the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam (today New York).

Question 74

In the eighteenth century, European public health measures

Answer 74

improved water supply and sewage systems.

Question 75

Which statement characterizes the condition of peasants in western Europe in the eighteenth century?

Answer 75

They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children.

Question 76

Why did European slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the eighteenth century?

Answer 76

It permitted Europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining enslaved people at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas.

Question 77

The proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to

Answer 77

become landless rural wage earners.

Question 78

The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also

Answer 78

gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies.

Question 79

Wealthy Spanish landowners kept Indigenous workers on their estates through a system of

Answer 79

debt peonage in which landowners advanced food, shelter, and some money, thus keeping the workers in perpetual debt.

Question 80

Which statement characterizes the condition of peasants in western Europe in the eighteenth century?

Answer 80

They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children.

Question 81

At the center of Adam Smith’s arguments in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations was the belief that

Answer 81

the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens.

Question 82

From 1701 to 1763, the stakes in the wars between Great Britain and France involved

Answer 82

the position as Europe’s leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe’s overseas expansion.

Question 83

The proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to

Answer 83

become landless rural wage earners.

Question 84

Who was the big territorial loser in the eighteenth-century wars for empire, such as the War of the Spanish Succession, the War of the Austrian Succession, and the Seven Years’ War?

Answer 84

The French