Exam 3 Flashcards
(201 cards)
1
Q
Who were the Red Shirts in the nineteenth century?
A
Giuseppe Garibaldi’s guerrilla army involved in the invasion of Sicily in 1860
2
Q
Count Arthur de Gobineau’s racial theory divided humanity into races based on geographical location and
A
claimed that the Aryan race was superior to the others.
3
Q
Who was Theodor Herzl?
A
The founder of the Zionist Jewish national movement
4
Q
Which reform was the first and most important of the Great Reforms in Russia?
A
Abolition of serfdom
5
Q
Louis Napoleon’s great success with the economy included
A
encouraging new investment banks and railroad construction.
6
Q
Unlike other political parties, Marxist socialists
A
organized themselves into an international organization
7
Q
Which factor was crucial to the success of Count Camillo di Cavour’s plan to unify northern Italy in the nineteenth century?
A
A secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria
8
Q
Realpolitik is most associated with which statesman?
A
Otto von Bismarck
9
Q
How did labor unions in Germany change in the early 1900s?
A
They increasingly concentrated on bread-and-butter issues rather than revolution.
10
Q
The political goal of creating free, compulsory elementary education in late-nineteenth-century France was to
A
act as a nation-building tool in which all children would be taught secular, republican values.
11
Q
In nineteenth-century Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi was a
A
Romantic nationalist.
12
Q
After the Franco-Prussian War, Prussia
A
imposed severe peace terms on France
13
Q
Which name was given to the long-established customs union among the German states?
A
Zollverein
14
Q
How did Louis Napoleon believe that the people should be represented in government?
A
By a strong national leader whose reforms would aid all the people
15
Q
The political goal of creating free, compulsory elementary education in late-nineteenth-century France was to
A
act as a nation-building tool in which all children would be taught secular, republican values.
16
Q
What did Louis Napoleon proclaim when he restored universal male suffrage and declared the Second French Empire?
A
He was above political bickering
17
Q
Which effect did the Dreyfus affair have on late-nineteenth-century France?
A
It revived republican distrust of the Catholic Church
18
Q
Which reform was the first and most important of the Great Reforms in Russia?
A
Abolition of serfdom
19
Q
Otto von Bismarck’s Kulturkampf refers to his
A
attack on the Catholic Church in the German Empire
20
Q
How did Bismarck structure the North German Confederation to secure the authority of the Prussian emperor?
A
The emperor controlled the army and foreign affairs, and universal male suffrage permitted him to go directly to the people if middle-class liberals resisted his bills in the legislature.
21
Q
The national unification processes of Germany and Italy were similar in that they all
A
involved violence and warfare
22
Q
In the 1890s, how did Sergei Witte seek to transform Russia?
A
He believed that Russia’s industrial backwardness was limiting its power and implemented industrial policies to catch up with the West.
23
Q
Which event directly prompted the Great Reforms in Russia, including the emancipation of the serfs?
A
Russia’s defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-1856
24
Q
Which of the following statements is true of the radical rhetoric of the socialist politicians?
A
The rhetoric created concern for the conservative upper classes
25
The First and Second Internationals both provide evidence for
Marxist attempts to transcend national boundaries
26
Who was Theodor Herzl?
The founder of the Zionist Jewish national movement
27
Louis Napoleon’s great success with the economy included
encouraging new investment banks and railroad construction
28
Who were the Young Turks?
Ottoman patriots who seized power in the revolution of 1908
29
How did German Social Democrats recover their losses in the 1907 election and become the largest party in the Reichstag in 1912?
They took on a more patriotic tone and broadened their base
30
How did the process of Italian unification survive the French betrayal of Sardinia in its effort to unify Italy?
Nationalist leaders in central Italy overthrew their local princes and merged with Sardinia, despite the displeasure of the Great Powers
31
Which statement best describes the Second Empire under Louis Napoleon?
It maintained an aggressive foreign policy
32
The notorious forgery "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" suggested that Jewish elders were planning to
control the entire world
33
The October Manifesto in the Russian revolution of 1905 granted full civil rights and promised
a popularly elected parliament
34
Which effect did the Dreyfus affair have on late-nineteenth-century France?
It revived republican distrust of the Catholic Church
35
Why did socialist parties become more moderate by the late 1800s?
As socialist parties attracted larger numbers of members and won concessions, they looked more toward gradual change and less toward revolution
36
The Russian zemstvo was the
institution for local government established by the Great Reforms
37
How did Muhammad Ali reorganize the Egyptian army?
He drafted illiterate peasants and hired European army officers to train his troops
38
The Boxer Uprising was a(n)
rebellion of traditionalist Chinese patriots who wished to expel all Westerners from China
39
How were governments able to use empires to ease social tensions and domestic political conflicts in the nineteenth century?
They presented imperialism as a necessity and foreign victories as examples of national glory and prestige
40
The largest share of European foreign investment went to
European states and North America
41
Which belief drove Indigenous opposition to European colonial rule?
The nationalist ideal of self-determination
42
What element of imperialism did the Fashoda Incident prove?
It proved that European powers were not willing to incite wars among themselves to advance their imperialist endeavors
43
The Russian Marxist Vladimir Lenin asserted that imperialism
signaled the eventual decline and collapse of capitalist society
44
Between 1890 and 1925, over 20 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island Immigration Station in New York Harbor. A majority of them were from
southern and eastern Europe
45
The typical European emigrant was
a small farmer or rural craftsperson
46
In the nineteenth century, which country dominated the three-thousand-mile archipelago that is now Indonesia?
The Netherlands
47
Which new model for European expansion did Britain establish in Egypt?
A combination of military force, political domination, and an ideology of beneficial reform
48
Why did the population of Europe still grow even after birthrates dropped?
Death rates also dropped because of a rise in the standard of living
49
Which European country preferred to appoint colonial governors from its own people?
France
50
Which statement best describes the events at Fashoda in 1898?
British and French troops encountered one another in Africa, triggering a diplomatic crisis
51
Great Britain chose to seize land in Africa and Asia in the late nineteenth century because it
feared it would lose future economic opportunities if France and Germany seized those lands and used high tariffs to seal them off from Britain
52
Which statement best describes what Heinrich von Treitschke believed was the significance of colonies?
They were essential to great nations
53
Which statement best describes the goal the Western world hoped to achieve through the global economic system?
The greatest benefits from increased trade, technology, and migration would flow to the West
54
Why did many Europeans support the need for white women to come to the colonies?
To stop European men from engaging in casual and abusive sexual relationships with Indigenous women, which could lead to longer partnerships and biracial marriages
55
Rudyard Kipling’s "white man’s burden" referred to
the white race’s supposed duty to "civilize" nonwhite races
56
Which factor was the primary influence on whether European immigrants returned to their native lands?
The possibility of buying land in their home country
57
In most European countries, how was emigration related to population growth in the late nineteenth century?
Emigration increased about twenty years after a rapid growth in population, as land became scarce
58
What occurred after the Boxers laid siege to the embassy quarter in Beijing?
Foreign governments organized and sent an international force of twenty thousand soldiers to save the diplomats and end the conflict
59
How was the flow of goods directed around the globe in the nineteenth century?
By new communication systems, such as the telegraph, that could direct ships from port to port
60
How did Ismail transform Egypt in the nineteenth century?
He endorsed large irrigation networks for cotton production and export
61
How did the Union of South Africa function differently from any other territory in Africa?
It functioned as a largely "self-governing" colony
62
How were governments able to use empires to ease social tensions and domestic political conflicts in the nineteenth century?
They presented imperialism as a necessity and foreign victories as examples of national glory and prestige
63
To which extent did the New Imperialism result in economic gains before 1914, and why?
The economic gains were limited because the new colonies were too poor to buy European goods and offered few investments that were immediately profitable
64
By which principle did the European powers establish their claims to African territory after the Berlin Conference in 1884 and 1885?
Effective occupation
65
Why did Japan open its shores to Western trade?
As a response to U.S. military pressure
66
How did Henri-Philippe Pétain maintain order among French troops by late 1917?
He made an unspoken agreement with the troops that there would be no more grand offensives
67
Who assassinated Grigori Rasputin in 1916?
Russian aristocrats
68
Who was Alexander Kerensky?
An agrarian socialist who became prime minister of Russia in July 1917
69
How did Lenin’s and the Bolsheviks’ view of the Marxist party in Russia differ from the Mensheviks’ view of the party?
The Bolsheviks wanted a small, disciplined party, while the Mensheviks wanted a democratic party with mass membership
70
During the First World War, the African colonial subjects of Britain and France
generally supported their foreign rulers
71
In 1917, the Germans aided Vladimir Lenin in overthrowing Alexander Kerensky’s government by
transporting him across Germany in a sealed train
72
How did the moderate Social Democrats in Germany put down the radical Communist Spartacist Uprising?
They called on bands of demobilized soldiers to crush the uprising
73
In 1914, the Schlieffen Plan called for
a rapid invasion of France through neutral Belgium before turning on Russia
74
Which of the following events allowed President Woodrow Wilson to turn American public opinion against Germans?
The sinking of the passenger liner Lusitania
75
The immediate cause of British entry into the First World War was the
German invasion of neutral Belgium
76
Which statement describes the primary consequence of the First Moroccan Crisis in 1905?
Many of the Great Powers began to see Germany as a threat to all of Europe
77
How did the war on the eastern front differ from the war on the western front?
The war on the eastern front remained more mobile, with Germany in a more dominant position
78
Which issue contributed to tensions between Germany and Great Britain in the first decade of the 1900s?
Germany’s decision to build a large fleet of battleships
79
Why were the Balkans considered the "powder keg of Europe"?
The Ottoman Empire had been forced to give up its territory in the region, leading to growing ethnic nationalism
80
Germany’s initial offensive was stopped on the outskirts of Paris at the Battle of
the Marne
81
Following the First World War, one of the most difficult domestic problems faced by governments was
providing care for the large number of injured veterans
82
Which statement best describes the content of the Petrograd Soviet Army Order No. 1?
Military officers were to be stripped of their authority, and power was to be placed in the hands of elected committees of soldiers
83
Which statement describes what happened to Armenian inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire during World War I?
The Ottoman Empire ordered their mass deportation from their homeland, resulting in about a million Armenian deaths from murder, starvation, and disease
84
The Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916 was an agreement between
Great Britain and France to divvy up parts of the Middle East after the war
85
Why did Italy, after declaring neutrality in 1914, decide to join the Triple Entente in 1915?
It was promised Austrian territory in return
86
Bismarck’s alliance system was designed to isolate France and to
maintain peace between and within Russia and Austria-Hungary
87
Which statement best describes the content of the Balfour Declaration of November 1917, written by British foreign secretary Arthur Balfour?
Britain supported the creation of a national homeland for the Jewish people in Palestine
88
Which statement best describes the collective feeling of people as World War I began in August 1914?
They believed their nation had a right to defend itself against foreign aggression
89
Germany’s initial offensive was stopped on the outskirts of Paris at the Battle of
the Marne
90
Why is "lost generation" used by some postwar commentators when discussing the war years?
The deaths of young men from all classes and countries were extensive on both sides
91
Which part of Otto von Bismarck’s alliance system did Wilhelm II abandon?
Germany’s nonaggression pact with Russia
92
The Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916 was an agreement between
Great Britain and France to divvy up parts of the Middle East after the war
93
Which statement describes the outcome for Ukraine and Belarus, parts of the Russian Empire ceded to Germany in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, in the early twentieth century?
The Bolsheviks reconquered those territories during the civil war
94
Which statement accurately characterizes British military activities in the Middle East during World War I?
The British were unable to take Constantinople but took other Ottoman cities and fomented Arab rebellion throughout the sultan’s empire
95
Why did Austria-Hungary deliberately choose war in July 1914?
It hoped to curb the rise of hostile nationalism within its multiethnic empire
96
Which statement describes the common effect of western front offensives during the First World War?
They caused the slaughter of massed infantry units
97
Who was the director of Triumph of the Will, a piece of cinematic propaganda based on the 1934 Nazi Party rally at Nuremberg?
Leni Riefenstahl
98
In the twentieth century, John Maynard Keynes was known for
criticizing the Treaty of Versailles for economic reasons
99
The stereotypical "modern girl" of the 1920s was differentiated from her predecessors by her
social and political independence
100
According to Nietzsche in On the Genealogy of Morals, God had been killed by
apathetic and unbelieving Christians
101
Why was the Great Depression slow to affect France?
France was less industrialized than the other major continental powers in Europe and thus somewhat isolated from the world economy
102
Why was Britain more ready to conciliate with Germany than with France following the Versailles peace settlement?
The British had depended heavily on the German market for their exports before the war
103
Unemployment in the United States averaged only 5 percent in the 1920s but in 1933 rose to about
30 percent
104
Which statement best interprets Jean-Paul Sartre’s expression "existence precedes essence"?
Since there are no timeless or absolute truths, people must struggle on their own to define their essence after they are born
105
How did France and Belgium react when Germany refused to make its second reparations payment?
They occupied the Ruhr district
106
In art, music, architecture, and literature, modernists
shattered long-held assumptions about form and function
107
James Joyce’s Ulysses weaves ironic parallels between the adventures of Homer’s hero Ulysses and
an ordinary man wandering through the city of Dublin
108
In his writings on human psychology, Sigmund Freud asserted that
the id is the unconscious source of sexual and aggressive instincts
109
President Franklin Roosevelt’s National Recovery Administration attempted to
plan and control the U.S. economy
110
The Great Depression did not hit Britain as hard as the United States or Germany in part because
the British economy had moved away from international markets and toward production of goods for the domestic market
111
In 1923, which German politician called off passive resistance in the Ruhr and agreed in principle to pay reparations?
Gustav Stresemann
112
In the twentieth century, Werner Heisenberg established the "uncertainty principle," which postulates that
nature itself is ultimately unknowable and unpredictable and lacks any absolute objective reality
113
The U.S. and Scandinavian responses to the Great Depression after 1933 were similar in that in both countries,
government spending was increased to bring people back to work
114
In twentieth-century literature, the stream-of-consciousness technique uses
an internal monologue to explore the psyche
115
In the 1930s, orthodox economists believed that
balanced budgets were the key to economic growth
116
How did Jean-Paul Sartre think that people could live authentically in the twentieth century?
They must choose their actions with full awareness of their responsibility for them
117
The German government’s printing of money to pay unemployment benefits to workers striking in the Ruhr against the Franco-Belgian occupation of 1923 led to
hyperinflation
118
Which statement describes the Popular Front’s actions after its 1936 victory in France?
It encouraged the union movement and initiated a wide-ranging social reform program
119
Which British political party emerged during the 1920s as the main opposition to the Conservative Party?
Labour Party
120
In the twentieth century, Werner Heisenberg established the "uncertainty principle," which postulates that
nature itself is ultimately unknowable and unpredictable and lacks any absolute objective reality
121
The nineteenth-century Danish theologian Søren Kierkegaard taught that
God’s existence could not be proven, but believers must take a leap of faith and accept the unknowable
122
For artists such as the Dadaists and Surrealists, the purpose of art was to
expose the meaningless of modern life and society
123
Which kind of world did Franz Kafka portray in fiction like The Trial (1925)?
A pessimistic world in which powerless individuals are destroyed by inexplicably hostile forces
124
In his novel Remembrance of Things Past, Marcel Proust attempted to
discover the inner meaning of his own memories of childhood and love
125
The signatories of the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact, initiated by French prime minister Aristide Briand and U.S. secretary of state Frank B. Kellogg, agreed to
renounce war as an instrument of international policy
126
With the failure of the United States to ratify the Versailles treaty, many French leaders placed their hopes for future security on
strict enforcement of the treaty
127
In his writings on human psychology, Sigmund Freud asserted that
the id is the unconscious source of sexual and aggressive instincts
128
In 1923, who attempted to overthrow the German government in the so-called Beer Hall Putsch?
Adolf Hitler
129
The American stock market crash of October 1929 was primarily the result of
an imbalance between real investment and speculation
130
Which statement describes the assertions of the theories of Albert Einstein?
Matter and energy are interchangeable, linking the seemingly infinite universe with the subatomic world
131
132
Who was the director of Triumph of the Will, a piece of cinematic propaganda based on the 1934 Nazi Party rally at Nuremberg?
Leni Riefenstahl
133
In the twentieth century, John Maynard Keynes was known for
criticizing the Treaty of Versailles for economic reasons
134
The stereotypical "modern girl" of the 1920s was differentiated from her predecessors by her
social and political independence
135
According to Nietzsche in On the Genealogy of Morals, God had been killed by
apathetic and unbelieving Christian
136
Why was the Great Depression slow to affect France?
France was less industrialized than the other major continental powers in Europe and thus somewhat isolated from the world economy
137
Why was Britain more ready to conciliate with Germany than with France following the Versailles peace settlement?
The British had depended heavily on the German market for their exports before the war
138
Unemployment in the United States averaged only 5 percent in the 1920s but in 1933 rose to about
30 percent
139
Which statement best interprets Jean-Paul Sartre’s expression "existence precedes essence"?
Since there are no timeless or absolute truths, people must struggle on their own to define their essence after they are born
140
How did France and Belgium react when Germany refused to make its second reparations payment?
They occupied the Ruhr district
141
In art, music, architecture, and literature, modernists
shattered long-held assumptions about form and function
142
James Joyce’s Ulysses weaves ironic parallels between the adventures of Homer’s hero Ulysses and
an ordinary man wandering through the city of Dublin
143
In his writings on human psychology, Sigmund Freud asserted that
the id is the unconscious source of sexual and aggressive instincts
144
President Franklin Roosevelt’s National Recovery Administration attempted to
plan and control the U.S. economy
145
The Great Depression did not hit Britain as hard as the United States or Germany in part because
the British economy had moved away from international markets and toward production of goods for the domestic market
146
In 1923, which German politician called off passive resistance in the Ruhr and agreed in principle to pay reparations?
Gustav Stresemann
147
Why was Britain more ready to conciliate with Germany than with France following the Versailles peace settlement?
The British had depended heavily on the German market for their exports before the war
148
In the twentieth century, Werner Heisenberg established the "uncertainty principle," which postulates that
nature itself is ultimately unknowable and unpredictable and lacks any absolute objective reality
149
The U.S. and Scandinavian responses to the Great Depression after 1933 were similar in that in both countries,
government spending was increased to bring people back to work
150
In twentieth-century literature, the stream-of-consciousness technique uses
an internal monologue to explore the psyche
151
In the 1930s, orthodox economists believed that
balanced budgets were the key to economic growth
152
How did Jean-Paul Sartre think that people could live authentically in the twentieth century?
They must choose their actions with full awareness of their responsibility for them
153
The German government’s printing of money to pay unemployment benefits to workers striking in the Ruhr against the Franco-Belgian occupation of 1923 led to
hyperinflation
154
Which statement describes the Popular Front’s actions after its 1936 victory in France?
It encouraged the union movement and initiated a wide-ranging social reform program
155
Which British political party emerged during the 1920s as the main opposition to the Conservative Party?
Labour Party
156
In the twentieth century, Werner Heisenberg established the "uncertainty principle," which postulates that
nature itself is ultimately unknowable and unpredictable and lacks any absolute objective reality
157
The nineteenth-century Danish theologian Søren Kierkegaard taught that
God’s existence could not be proven, but believers must take a leap of faith and accept the unknowable
158
Which kind of world did Franz Kafka portray in fiction like The Trial (1925)?
A pessimistic world in which powerless individuals are destroyed by inexplicably hostile forces
159
In his novel Remembrance of Things Past, Marcel Proust attempted to
discover the inner meaning of his own memories of childhood and love
160
The signatories of the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact, initiated by French prime minister Aristide Briand and U.S. secretary of state Frank B. Kellogg, agreed to
renounce war as an instrument of international policy
161
With the failure of the United States to ratify the Versailles treaty, many French leaders placed their hopes for future security on
strict enforcement of the treaty
162
In 1923, who attempted to overthrow the German government in the so-called Beer Hall Putsch?
Adolf Hitler
163
The American stock market crash of October 1929 was primarily the result of
an imbalance between real investment and speculation
164
Which statement describes the assertions of the theories of Albert Einstein?
Matter and energy are interchangeable, linking the seemingly infinite universe with the subatomic world
165
How did Mussolini acquire support from big business in Italy?
He allowed big business to regulate itself and never purged its members
166
Which statement describes the effect of the 1935 Nuremberg Laws?
They defined as Jewish anyone having three or more Jewish grandparents
167
Why did the Soviet army stop its advance on Warsaw in August 1944?
So that the German army could destroy a Polish insurgence that intended to resist the Soviet army as well
168
In Stalin’s Soviet Union, women
could become industrial and scientific specialists
169
As practiced in the 1930s, appeasement was
a British policy that aimed to give Hitler whatever he wanted in order to prevent war
170
According to Hitler’s New Order, which European race was considered subhuman along with the Jews?
The Slavic race
171
The parliamentary government in Italy was breaking down at the time of the Fascist march on Rome in October 1922, largely because of
the violence perpetrated by Mussolini’s own militants
172
Why, at least partially, did Britain adopt a policy of appeasement in its relationship with Hitler?
British conservative leaders underestimated Hitler and saw him as a buffer against the Soviets
173
Where did Nazi administrators initially gain experience in mass murder?
The murder of Germans with physical and mental disabilities prior to the war
174
Why was Mussolini expelled from the Italian Socialist Party?
He urged Italian entry into World War I
175
Britain and France finally threatened Hitler with war when he
used the pretext of German minorities in Danzig to threaten Poland
176
In the Lateran Agreement, how did Mussolini resolve the status of the Catholic Church in Italy?
The Vatican was recognized as an independent state and received heavy support from the Italian state
177
The regimes of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union, Benito Mussolini in Italy, and Adolf Hitler in Germany were all
totalitarian
178
Germany’s goal in the 1940 Battle of Britain was to
gain air supremacy in anticipation of an invasion of Great Britain
179
Under Stalinism, unemployment was
virtually unknown
180
Why did the Soviet army stop its advance on Warsaw in August 1944?
So that the German army could destroy a Polish insurgence that intended to resist the Soviet army as well
181
The term collectivization of agriculture best describes forced government acquisition of
individual peasant farms
182
Why did Stalin and his supporters sponsor the first five-year plan?
They feared a gradual restoration of capitalism and wanted to overcome traditional Russian "backwardness" in order to catch up with the West
183
Lenin’s New Economic Policy (NEP) was a political compromise with
Russian peasants
184
The parliamentary government in Italy was breaking down at the time of the Fascist march on Rome in October 1922, largely because of
the violence perpetrated by Mussolini’s own militants
185
The Allies adopted the principle of the unconditional surrender of Germany and Japan in order to
further encourage mutual trust among the Allies
186
The Nazi state pulled Germany out of the Great Depression by
creating massive public works projects
187
Which statement accurately describes the "Europe first" policy adopted by the Allied powers during World War II?
Germany would be defeated before the Allies mounted an all-out assault on Japan
188
How did the Nazi Party seek to promote the idea of the Volksgemeinschaft?
They created mass organizations such as the Hitler Youth and held mass rallies to spread Nazi ideology and enlist volunteers
189
Which statement describes the effect of Lenin’s 1921 New Economic Policy (NEP)?
It encouraged peasants to sell their surpluses in free markets and permitted private traders and small manufacturers to do business again
190
How did Mussolini acquire support from big business in Italy?
He allowed big business to regulate itself and never purged its members
191
The parliamentary government in Italy was breaking down at the time of the Fascist march on Rome in October 1922, largely because of
the violence perpetrated by Mussolini’s own militants
192
How did the Nazis seek to legitimize their racial policies?
They made existing institutions support and accept National Socialist ideologies
193
Which statement describes the Nazi Party policy of "coordination"?
It forced existing German social institutions to conform to National Socialist ideology
194
Which statement describes the purpose of the Enabling Act in 1933?
It gave Hitler dictatorial powers for four years
195
Stalin’s theory of "socialism in one country"
argued that the Soviet Union could build a socialist state on its own
196
Which statement describes the effect of the 1935 Nuremberg Laws?
They defined as Jewish anyone having three or more Jewish grandparents
197
Why did the Soviet army stop its advance on Warsaw in August 1944?
So that the German army could destroy a Polish insurgence that intended to resist the Soviet army as well
198
Which statement accurately describes the "Europe first" policy adopted by the Allied powers during World War II?
Germany would be defeated before the Allies mounted an all-out assault on Japan
199
Why did Hitler have the leadership of the SA storm troopers, roughly 100 individuals, killed in 1934?
He wanted to win the support of the traditional military, but the SA leaders had expected appointment to top positions in the army
200
In the late 1920s, how did Adolf Hitler shape the Nazi Party’s message to appeal to middle-class voters?
He toned down the party’s anticapitalist elements and vowed to fight communism
201
