Exam 1 Obejectives Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
Terminology:
Protestant
A
Protesting the decision of the Catholic majority 1529
2
Q
Terminology:
Lutheran
A
Followers of Luther, Augsburg Confession 1530
3
Q
Terminology:
Reformed
A
Zwinglians and Calvinists, see themselves truly coming from the word of God
4
Q
Terminology:
Evangelicals
A
radical reformation, Anabaptists
5
Q
Ulrich Zwingli
A
Contemporary of Luther’s
Influenced by humanism Erasmus
Secular priest (not a monk)
6
Q
Affair of the Sausages
A
1522
Zwingli defends the rights of Christians to eat meat during Lent
7
Q
Debates of 1523
A
All basis for debate should come from Scripture
Zurich City Council distributes Zwingli’s Short Christian Instruction
8
Q
What was Zwingli’s approach to scripture?
A
Biblicist, not literalist
- Wants all Scripture to interact with one another; the Spirit will help you understand the deeper meaning
9
Q
How does Zwingli address the issue of images in the church?
A
Calls for an abolition of Images
see “Short Christian Instruction”
10
Q
How does Zwingli address the language in scripture passages about the Eucharist?
A
Word “is” functions as alloeosis, transposition of attributes – should be read as “this signifies my body”
11
Q
What is the Eucharist, according to Zwingli?
A
an important ritual for the Christian community to unite around – the celebration of the Eucharist is a testament and memorial of Christ’s sacrifice
12
Q
Describe Zwingli’s approach to scripture in regards to Law and Gospel.
A
The law is the “leading and instructing which God offers to us out of a true understanding of his word.”
There is a moral law within the Gospel, which Christians should follow – that differs from Luther.
13
Q
What are three key points of Zwingli’s understanding of justification?
A
The right believing person will willing submit himself to the Law
A person of true faith will also have true integrity
Justification as an actualization of righteousness
14
Q
How does Zwingli’s understanding of justification differ from Luther’s?
A
Luther regards everyone is a sinner and cannot be holy; faith justifies
Zwingli believes that people of true faith can actually be righteous
15
Q
How does Luther wish to see reform progress?
A
Luther wants to see change in a slow, organic way without offending the weak
Wants to avoid social upheaval and revolution
16
Q
What are some of Luther’s radical views on reform?
A
- argues for closure of monasteries and convents
- breaks with medieval priesthood,
- radical re-imagination of scripture
17
Q
How could Luther’s stance on church reform be described?
A
Theologically radical but socially conservative
18
Q
Why does Luther oppose authority in the church?
A
Luther thinks Christ is speaking to us through the scriptures
19
Q
What doctrine was essential to Luther’s understanding of scripture?
A
Pauline doctrine of justification
20
Q
Elaborate on how Luther identifies the “Word of God” and the “Bible.”
A
- Describes the Word of God as the real content of the Bible but with out identifying the content with the external form in which we encounter scripture
- Describes a dialectic between the Word of God and the Bible, describing one as the creator and one as creature
21
Q
According to Luther, what is the center of the scriptures?
A
Christ is the center of the scriptures, “take out Christ and what will you find in them?”
22
Q
Luther: “ Scripture ______ itself, and _____ everything else.”
A
interprets
illuminates
23
Q
How did Luther understand the clarity of scripture? (3 points)
A
Scripture does possess a certain clarity.
Could determine if a passage was clear or obscure in terms of it’s witness to the central truths of faith – the incarnation, cross, resurrection
Did NOT believe scripture gives a clear answer to all questions
24
Q
What does Luther say about the NT in relation to the OT?
A
NT has priority in that it fully reveals the meaning of the OT
25
What idea underlies Luther's entire understanding of scriptural interpretation?
The division of law and gospel.
| "Is it law or gospel?"
26
How does Luther understand the division of Law and Gospel? (3 points)
o Word of God contains both law and gospel (commandments and promises)
o Cannot equate OT with law and NT with gospel but division is not between the canons
o You can see the whole content of scripture from the very first chapter from the Bible
27
What does Luther consider as a summary of the Decalogue and a summary of all God's demands for us?
1st commandment
- sees it as God’s promise
- with Christ we can understand the true meaning of this command
28
What made Luther's support of sola scripture a strong point in his argument for reform?
* The medieval church never doubted the authority of scripture
* Luther’s argument held weight because people already held scripture as authoritative
* Difficult for the church to argue with Luther because the argument of scripture vs. tradition had never been raised in this way so they ended up just asserting papal authority
29
According to Luther, Scripture should not be understood as meaning anything else other than ______.
people are nothing and Christ is everything.
30
Luther: The Word of God is proclaimed primarily ______.
through preaching
31
Which of the original sacraments does Luther decide to keep?
Baptism and Eucharist
32
What were the 4 criteria of a sacrament according to Luther?
* Promise of divine grace
* Sacrament must have a visible sign
* Instituted by Christ
* Effectual nature requires faith sacrament independent of the worthiness of priest /celebrant** (Distinctive of Luther)
33
How does Luther argue for infant baptism?
* Argues based on the faith of their parents and community
| * Least corrupt of the sacraments
34
How does Luther shift the understanding of sacraments?
Moves from focus being on the mediator and shifts focus to the individual participating
- Divine work instead of work of the priests
- Salvation is not dependent on a clerical class
35
Ex opere operato
“from (or out of) the work done” meaning that sacrament confers grace and an instrument from God as long as it is properly performed; no matter the qualifications of the person performing or receiving it
36
How does Luther modify the idea of ex opere operato?
* Luther’s modification is that even though grace may be present in the sacrament, it can only be received through faith
* The reality of the presence of Christ’s body and blood is not dependent on faith (they are actually there) but faith makes it possible to RECEIVE the Word and sacrament, does not create them
37
What was the common view of the medieval church regarding sacraments?
participation in the sacraments are what provide salvation, not faith of the believer
38
What does Luther mean by "mystery of the real presence?"
Luther affirms the presence of Christ’s body and blood in the elements but denies you can explain this in philosophical terms
Christ’s presence is ubiquitous, present everywhere
39
How did other radicals understand the Eucharist?
something that creates faith;
| more of a confession and witness of the congregations faith but the eating of the flesh is useless (Carlstadt)
40
What did the medieval church believe about the clergy?
the priests possessed and “indelible character” that made them set aside from the laity
41
Describe Luther's theology of the ministerial office? (2 points)
All Christians have the authority (with the consent of the community) and ability to perform the sacraments
Priesthood of all believers - sacralizes the laity and secularizes the clergy
42
What were some of the practical consequences of Luther's theology on the ministerial office for Protestantism?
Pushback because Luther says the clergy can keep old vestments and alters, etc so the protestant clergy just look like old papal clergy
43
From what position is Erasmus approaching the issue freedom of will?
o Comes from the camp of humanism, moving against dialectic and logic; wanted to change both minds and lives
o rejection of speculative theology; wanted to return to lectio divina
44
o ad fontes
“to the sources”
reflects the humanist move back to the recovery of the teachings of the church fathers and study of linguistic analysis of primary documents
45
What is lectio divina and who was a proponent of this?
* Divine reading, meditation upon the sacred page of scripture
* Erasmus
46
Philosophia Christi
"philosophy of christ"
• Use humanist methods of textual study to get a the content of the Bible
• Goal of the theologian is to induce people to live a Christian life ; practical
47
Diet of Worms 1521
o Luther summoned here to this assembly of German States where Charles is the leader
o Charles intent is that Luther would retract his teaching and end the Luther affair
48
Christian conscience
Luther refuses to recant – moving away from the authority of the church to a reliance on the holy scripture, ”I consider myself convicted by the testimony of holy scripture which is my basis. My conscience is captive to the Word of God”
49
What was Luther's stance on iconoclasm?
•Luther believes that iconoclasm endangered Christian freedom
- You can’t make liberty into a law or force conscious
- Iconoclasm misunderstands the text and only makes an idol out of the law
50
Investiture controversy of Pope Gregory VII
King Henry IV condemning Pope Gregory VII, but Gregory responded by excommunicating Henry.
This was the first time a pope excommunicated a king. Henry showed up as the penitent, and Gregory was persuaded to readmit him.
51
Investiture
The powerful lords would invest their authority in the bishops that they preferred. This gave too control to secular lords. The reform in response to this was the creation of the college of cardinals.
52
Simony
The marketing of spiritualia, especially of episcopal and clerical appointments and benefices. The reform forbid this practice. This precedes the abusive indulgence practices that were later targeted by the Protestant reforms.
53
Nicolaitism
marriage (strictly concubinage) of men in holy orders that would often lead to clerical authority being passed from father to son. The reform this practice and sexual activity. Cf. Lindbergh, 93-99 and the Protestant reform of marriages for clergy, first led by Karlstadt then followed by Luther.
54
Conciliar Reform
An attempt to reform the church through councils of the church.
55
Western Schism
A major conflict of church councils and the papacy with roots going back to the false “Donation of Constantine.” The college of cardinals elected Urban VI then regretter their decision and elected Clement VII. There were two popes. The council in Pisa (1409) tried to resolve the issue and elected a third pope! This greatly diminished the prestige and credibility of the church.
56
Council of Constance: (1414-1418)
delegitimized the three popes by changing the voting process from persons to nations, which contributed to nationalism that would undermine the universal Christian commonwealth (Lindbergh 46). This council vindicated conciliarism (for the moment) and defeated the papal hierocratic system.
57
Haec sancta
The official publication that placed conciliar authority over the pope and as the official teaching of the church. Luther would deny both of these claims in his debate with Johann Eck in the Leipzig Debate (1519).
58
Council of Basle (1431-1438)
A failed attempt at upholding authority of conciliarism and decrees of Constance that demonstrated the corruptibility of conciliarism and papal monarchy. This infighting distracted the church from the threats of growing tensions that rose from “poverty, the profit economy and the stress of urban growth; the terrors of famine, plague, and war; renewal efforts of Wyclif and Hus; and the individualism of the Renaissance”
59
John Wycliffe (1329-1384)
English Reformer, sometimes known as “Morningstar of Reformation,” also translated Bible into English. Questioned Transubstantiation, which was a relatively new doctrine. He argued that papal claims had no biblical warrant and appealed to English government to reform the church of England.
60
John Hus
The Czech “goose” who was burned at the stake for his reform efforts which included wanting two tables of the Eucharist.
61
Savonarola
Criticized the rule of the elites and defied Pope Alexander VI’s order to cease preaching.
62
Scholasticism
The thought and educational method of quaestiones--disputatious, sceptical, and analytical arguments--that applied Aristotelian logic and metaphysics to Christianity. “This meant that fellowship with God can only take place when the sinner is raised to likeness with God. The sinner must become holy because God is holy and does not associate with the unholy”
63
facere quod in se est
the major tenet of scholasticism that states “do what lies within you” or do your very best. This emphasized salvation as a process that takes place within as people perfect themselves.
64
Studia humanitatis
The study of the humanities, e.g., rhetoric and the Classics.
65
ad fontes
“to the sources” This refers to the humanist emphasis on Scripture and the early Church Fathers.
66
Humanism
The method and approach that sought to apply the critical intellectual recovery of ancient sources to education, the church, and society, e.g., the linguistic analysis of the false “Donation of Constantine.” It criticized superstitions and ritualism and opposed scholastics and ecclesiastical abuses of religion and power.
67
Late medieval sacramental piety
An “immense appetite for the divine” coupled with “an oppressive uncertainty about salvation” that led to attempts “to guarantee it by capturing mediators between themselves and God,” e.g., pilgrimages, veneration of saints and images/icons, indulgences, and strict morals and legalism. (Lindbergh 59). This greatly empowered the church institutions, which were a major source of revenue.
68
15th c. Carthusian Miscellany
An image depicting the seven sacraments--baptism, confirmation, marriage, ordination, Eucharist, confession, and last rites/final unction. The sacraments were objective, delivered through the institutions of the church
69
Indulgences
The practice of grants that draw from the treasury of merit (from saints) to shorten the time spent doing penance in Purgatory. This practice began as a means of absolving guilt and countering religiously offensive actions but became an abusive instrument for clerical social control and revenue raising.
70
Johann Tetzel
A Dominican under the authority of archbishop Albrecht who was an artful peddler of indulgences who sang, “As soon as the coin into the box rings, a soul from Purgatory to Heaven springs.”
Albrecht was dependent upon Tetzel’s indulgence racket because of the enormous debt he incurred in purchasing his archbishopric (an extreme example of simony!)
71
Simplified piety
The Protestant reform, based on humanism, in which Luther reduced the number of sacraments from 7 to 2. This was possible because of Luther’s theory of simul iustus et peccator, that the believer is simultaneously justified and sinner.
72
Contributors to 16th c. reforms
anti-clericalism and corruption (absenteeism, etc.--think of Cantarini)
political fragmentation (which allowed for a decentralized printing press that capitalized on the instability of the government--think of the Great Western Schism and the councils of Constance and Basle)
the renewed and increasing piety that was being questioned.
73
Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt
(1480-1541) Radical reformer who abolishes mass and begins celebrating expanded communion services. He was an iconoclast who promoted destroying images and statues, which they do in response to literal reading of Exodus. This compels Luther to return to address these incidents.
74
Gasparo Contarini
1516 Writes De Officio Episcopi which focuses the reform of the church will only be achieved by the personal piety of Bishops.
75
Weil
facere quod est(do your best)
Weil held that if you strive with all your might God will not deny you.
Luther is trained in a nominalist tradition and his theology is shaped by Weil
76
Criticism of Johann Tetzel in Brandenburg and Indulgences
You couldn't preach indulgences in Luther's town, but people would go to another town i.e. Brandenburg(one town over) and give their money to them which paid for indulgences. This money went to Rome. Luther thought this was a problem.
77
95 Theses
1517
Luther criticizes the avarice and the selling of indulgences. He emphasizes true contrition and repentance.
The church has no impact on a person after death.
78
Leipzig Debate 1519
Luther was a friend of one of the debater's.
Luther said the council's of the church could err as well as the Pope.
Luther emphasized that Scripture was the supreme authority within the church.
79
Indulgences
Indulgences move one from purgatory to heaven.
Initially indulgences weren't about money. The problem came in when they became monetized.
-The crusaders who were dying for the church couldn't confess their sins so the church said we will use our indulgences to get you out of purgatory. Business men began to pay for men to go on crusades, but then they wanted indulgences thus indulgences became monetized.
80
Luther's theology of the Cross (4 points)
Reason and speculation can tell us nothing about God and what we have to use is Christ on the cross.
God has revealed himself on the cross and it's the task of the theologian to examine God in this way.
Revelation is indirect and concealed. The revelation can only be understood by faith. Not by reason.
Revelation is recognized through sufferings and the cross
Not only that one knows God through suffering, but that God makes God's self known through Christ's suffering.
81
How does Luther connect hi theology of the cross to his understanding of divine revelation?
He uses the paradox of the cross to shake the ideas of faith.
Human reason by any work is entirely incapable of grasping any revelation of God.
82
How does Luther understand Justification?
not a demand, but a gift - work of God
By faith alone - It's given by grace and has to be received by faith.
WORKS COULDN'T GET GRACE BECAUSE YOU WOULD NEVER KNOW IF YOU DID ENOUGH.
83
What image does Luther use to illustrate justification of the believer?
Marriage - unites the believer with Christ.
84
Luther says we can be simultaneously ______.
a saint and a sinner.
85
How does Luther's position on justification relate to the church's stance on salvation?
Subjective assurance of salvation
If we understand and trust in God's righteousness we can have certainty that we are saved.
He is turning salvation between the individual and God, not the church and God
86
What was the most profound difference between Luther and Zwingi's understanding of the Eucharist?
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Zwingli = act of thanksgiving for the gospel
Luther = concrete offer of the gospel
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