Exam 1 Psych

Question 1

What year did Wilhelm Wundt find the first lab dedicated to psychology and when structuralism came about?

Answer 1

1879

Question 2

What year did behaviorism become about?

Answer 2

1913

Question 3

What year did cognitivism come about?

Answer 3

1967

Question 4

What are the four definitions of psychology?

Answer 4

the science of mind and behavior, the science of experimental epistemology, the science of knowing and experiencing, the science of things that move on their own

Question 5

dualism

Answer 5

the universe is made of two interacting substances; physical and nonphysical matter

Question 6

materialism

Answer 6

the universe is only made of physical matter

Question 7

scientific materialism

Answer 7

all that exists is matter in motion

Question 8

The neural assumption is made by…

Answer 8

scientific materialists

Question 9

Who does psychology apply to?

Answer 9

humans, animals, plants

Question 10

James Gibson

Answer 10

wanted to look at locomotion; ecological approach to psychology

Question 11

Reflex

Answer 11

an automatic, stereotyped movement produced as the direct result of a stimulus

Question 12

What parts make up a neuron?

Answer 12

dendrites, cell body (soma), axon, terminal endings

Question 13

What is the resting potential of a neuron?

Answer 13

-70 mV

Question 14

What happens when neurons are stimulated?

Answer 14

Na+ ions are let inside the cell, makes the inside more positive (-70, -69, -68 mV)

Question 15

When enough Na+ ions get in for the potential to be reduced to -55 mV, what happens?

Answer 15

The ion gates to the cell membrane are flung open, allowing Na+ to rush in

Question 16

What is the action potential?

Answer 16

40 mV

Question 17

How does the cell go back to resting potential?

Answer 17

by pushing out K+ ions (Na+ goes out slower), then another pump takes Na+ back out and puts K+ back in

Question 18

What is the threshold?

Answer 18

-55 mV

Question 19

Synapse

Answer 19

the gap between two neurons (the presynaptic and post-synaptic)

Question 20

_________ of presynaptic neurons relay impulses to dendrites of postsynaptic neurons

Answer 20

terminal endings

Question 21

When do vesicles burst and what do they release?

Answer 21

vesicles burst at action potential; they release neurotransmitters

Question 22

__________ on membrane of dendrite are like little locks to be opened and neurotransmitters are like the keys (what opens ion gates to allow Na+ inside in the first place)

Answer 22

receptor molecules

Question 23

neurotransmitters may open a gate to let Na+ inside

Answer 23

excitatory

Question 24

neurotransmitters may open a gate that pushes positive K+ ions out

Answer 24

inhibitory

Question 25

temporal summation

Answer 25

repeated subthreshold stimuli applied over time; over time it will illicit a response

Question 26

spatial summation

Answer 26

if you stimulate multiple places at the same time it will illicit a response

Question 27

reciprocal inhibition

Answer 27

two opposing tendencies, and one will inhibit the other

Question 28

central nervous system consists of...

Answer 28

brain and spinal cord

Question 29

The peripheral nervous system is divided into...

Answer 29

the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

Question 30

What does the somatic nervous system control?

Answer 30

muscles and senses

Question 31

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

Answer 31

vital functions: heart rate, breathing, digestion, reproduction

Question 32

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 32

sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

Question 33

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 33

arousal: mobilizes for emergency

Question 34

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 34

calm: conserves energy

Question 35

What are the parts of the hind brain?

Answer 35

medulla, pons, cerebellum

Question 36

what is the medulla responsible for?

Answer 36

breathing, heartbeat, blood circulation

Question 37

what are the pons responsible for?

Answer 37

arousal and attention

Question 38

what is the cerebellum responsible for?

Answer 38

integration of muscles to perform fine movements, but no coordination/direction of these movements; balance

Question 39

If a cat was transected just above the hindbrain how would it behave?

Answer 39

low-decerebrate cat; can move but not act

Question 40

What is the other name for the pons?

Answer 40

bridge

Question 41

Midbrain

Answer 41

forms movements into acts; controls whole body responses to visual and auditory stimuli

Question 42

How would a cat act if just transected just above midbrain?

Answer 42

can act, but without regard to environment, without purpose

Question 43

superior colliculus

Answer 43

part of the midbrain; "upper hills"

Question 44

substantia nigra

Answer 44

part of midbrain; "black substance"

Question 45

forebrain

Answer 45

cerebral hemispheres connected by corpus callosum

Question 46

what are the parts of the forebrain?

Answer 46

thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, cerebral cortex

Question 47

thalamus

Answer 47

sensory and motor relay center

Question 48

hypothalamus

Answer 48

controls responses to basic needs (food, temp, sex)

Question 49

basal ganglia

Answer 49

regulates muscle contractions for smooth movements

Question 50

what are the parts of the limbic system

Answer 50

hippocampus and amygdala

Question 51

limbic system

Answer 51

memory (hippocampus) and emotion (amygdala)

Question 52

cerebral cortex

Answer 52

four lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal; seat of higher intellectual functions

Question 53

How would a cat behave transected above its limbic system?

Answer 53

acts normal, with purpose, but clumsy

Question 54

corpus callosum

Answer 54

connects hemispheres

Question 55

cerebral cortex

Answer 55

higher motor, sensory, and intellectual functions

Question 56

Broca's aphasia

Answer 56

speech is diminished and there is a loss of normal grammatical structure

Question 57

Wernicke's aphasia

Answer 57

speech comprehension is diminished

Question 58

frontal lobe

Answer 58

planning; social behavior; motor control

Question 59

parietal lobe

Answer 59

somatosensory (sense of touch) (on top and toward back of brain)

Question 60

occipital

Answer 60

vision

Question 61

temporal

Answer 61

hearing, memory (side of brain)

Question 62

left hemisphere is responsible for

Answer 62

language

Question 63

right hemisphere is responsible for

Answer 63

spatial abilities

Question 64

front

Answer 64

expression/ actions/ plans

Question 65

back

Answer 65

reception/ perceptions/ interpretations

Question 66

pre-frontal lesions

Answer 66

loss of planning, moral reasoning, sensitivity to social context (or loss of initiation of action, deliberation)

Question 67

apraxia

Answer 67

"no doing"; failure in sequencing components of actions; inability to organize movements (not paralysis); frontal lesions just forward of motor cortex

Question 68

agnosia

Answer 68

"no knowing"; deficit in interpreting, categorizing, labeling, knowing; occipital or temporal lesions

Question 69

neglect

Answer 69

right hemisphere (parietal) damage causes inattention to the whole left side

Question 70

aphasia

Answer 70

left hemisphere (frontal or temporal) damage causes deficits in language function (damage to Broca's area or Wernicke's area)

Question 71

expressive aphasia

Answer 71

cannot produce speech; lesion to Broca's area

Question 72

receptive aphasia

Answer 72

cannot understand speech, and consequently cannot produce speech; lesion to Wernicke's area