Exam 3 Psych 1100

Question 1

Sensation

Answer 1

basic, primitive mental state corresponding to energies in environment; experience of world

Question 2

Perception

Answer 2

mental state corresponding to properties of objects and events in environment; knowledge of world

Question 3

Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies; the quality of sensation depends on…

Answer 3

which nerve fibers are stimulated- NOT the stimulus itself

Question 4

What is light?

Answer 4

electromagnetic radiation

Question 5

electromagnetic spectrum from shortest to longest wavelength (color)

Answer 5

short- blue, medium- green, long- red

Question 6

the retina consists of

Answer 6

the rods and cones, bipolar cells ganglion cells, some others

Question 7

What happens when light enters pupil

Answer 7

it then passes through eyeball to retina; through ganglia, bipolars and then eventually strikes receptors

Question 8

optic nerve

Answer 8

bundle of axons of ganglion cells, leading out back of eye to brain (leaving blind spot)

Question 9

Fovea

Answer 9

central depression in retina where cones are most densely packed- most acute vision

Question 10

Rods

Answer 10

very sensitive; black/white light; night vision; mostly periphery (more rods than cones)

Question 11

Cones

Answer 11

less sensitive, color; daytime vision; mostly in fovea (less than rods)

Question 12

photoreceptors

Answer 12

light-sensitive neurons in the retina of the eye that produce action potential when stimulated by light

Question 13

What are the two types of photoreception cells

Answer 13

rods and cones

Question 14

what are the 3 types of cone cells

Answer 14

sensitive to different wavelengths of light; short-wavelength (sensitive to blue); medium wavelength (sensitive to green); long wavelength (sensitive to red)

Question 15

The three types of cone cells send action potentials to…

Answer 15

opponent process cells

Question 16

What are “opponent processes”

Answer 16

excitation and inhibition

Question 17

What are the 3 types of opponent process cells in the visual system

Answer 17

black/white- excited- you see white; inhibited-you see black
red/green- excited- you see red; inhibited- you see green
blue/yellow- excited- you see blue; inhibited-you see yellow

Question 18

trichromatic theory

Answer 18

all colors would be mixtures of blue, green, red based on the response of those cone types

but does not take into account afterimages or yellow

Question 19

What is the current theory of how we see color?

Answer 19

opponent-process theory
- each responds to many wavelengths, but peak responses are at certain wavelengths

Question 20

What happens to photoreceptor neurons when specific wavelengths hit them?

Answer 20

they change shape

Question 21

Does the light itself have a color?

Answer 21

no

Question 22

When cone cells get fatigued…

Answer 22

then the afterimage will be inhibited or excited

Question 23

The cone cells do not respond to color, they respond to…

Answer 23

wavelength

Question 24

black and white cells show…

Answer 24

how light or dark a color is

Question 25

_____ of males do not have one cone type

Answer 25

5-8 percent

Question 26

rod cells do not respond to red light, so they...

Answer 26

do not get fatigued by red light

Question 27

Lateral Inhibition

Answer 27

when one neuron is firing more than neighboring neuron-> the excited neuron tries to inhibit the non-firing neuron (allows you to exaggerate a boundary like dark looking darker)

Question 28

Where do we have the sharpest/ most detailed vision

Answer 28

fovea

Question 29

a distal stimulus

Answer 29

something we see from farther away

Question 30

proximal stimulus

Answer 30

retinal image

Question 31

Retinal image

Answer 31

stimulation of receptors produces sensations of brightness and colors

Question 32

poverty of the stimulus

Answer 32

proximal stimulus (retinal image) is inadequate for knowing about distal stimulus

Question 33

Where does perception happen

Answer 33

brain

Question 34

What happens to an image when it is converted to a proximal stimulus

Answer 34

image is upside down and reversed

Question 35

3 factors of the poverty of the stimulus

Answer 35

inverted (upside down in retina); ambiguous (size and distance trade off); 2D (image flattened)

Question 36

Empiricists think that perception...

Answer 36

is learned; based on experience

Question 37

2 Empiricist ideas about perception

Answer 37

monocular depth cues and "unconscious inference"

Question 38

monocular depth cues

Answer 38

linear perspective (convergence pt is far away), interposition (nearer objects will occlude farther objects), relative size (nearer objects cast larger retinal images)

Question 39

linear perspective

Answer 39

convergence pt is far away (railroad)

Question 40

interposition

Answer 40

nearer objects will occlude farther objects

Question 41

relative size

Answer 41

nearer objects cast larger retinal images than farther objects (of same size)

Question 42

unconscious inference

Answer 42

best guess at what DISTAL stimulus PROBABLY caused the PROXIMAL stimulus (the retinal image); perception is always in the direction of the best inference

Question 43

infer distance of object

Answer 43

learned: points nearer to where lines converge are farther away; retinal image: object appears near to where lines converge

Question 44

A Nativist view (Gestalt) of perception would say

Answer 44

that we have INNATE laws of organization

Question 45

Principles of perception organization

Answer 45

grouping by proximity, grouping by similarity, good continuation, closure

Question 46

What is Apparent Motion: phi-phenomenon

Answer 46

stimulus present in two locations within short time interval is seen as one MOVING stimulus; no moving stimulus though- no sensations of movement

Question 47

The whole is ____ from the sum of the parts

Answer 47

different

Question 48

Trace consolidation

Answer 48

what goes on during elaborative rehearsal- a memory trace changes from dynamic to structural pattern (STM -> LTM)

Question 49

STM is

Answer 49

dynamic (pattern of activity among a group of cells)

Question 50

LTM is

Answer 50

structural (pattern of connections within a group of cells)

Question 51

Amnesia

Answer 51

interruption of consolidation process

Question 52

retrograde amnesia

Answer 52

for events BEFORE trauma (interrupted STM from going to LTM) (retro=past)

Question 53

anterograde amnesia

Answer 53

for events AFTER trauma ( cannot make new memories)

Question 54

Patient HM had what type of amnesia

Answer 54

anterograde

Question 55

Forgetting in STM is

Answer 55

displacement or decay

Question 56

forgetting in LTM is

Answer 56

misplacement or retrieval failure

Question 57

proactive interference

Answer 57

old info affects new info

Question 58

retroactive interference

Answer 58

new info affects old

Question 59

What kind of encoding would be most successful?

Answer 59

deeper processing leads to better memory; semantically

Question 60

Episodic memory

Answer 60

episodes, events with time and places

Question 61

Generic/ semantic memory

Answer 61

facts, concepts, meanings

Question 62

explicit memory

Answer 62

reference to prior learning experience

Question 63

implicit memory

Answer 63

no conscious awareness of remembering

Question 64

Does depth of processing matter for explicit or implicit?

Answer 64

explicit (implicit memory lasts longer)

Question 65

declarative

Answer 65

knowing that (mainly explicit)

Question 66

procedural

Answer 66

knowing how (mainly implicit)

Question 67

Korsakoff's syndrome

Answer 67

caused by alcoholism and vitamin B deficiency

Question 68

Patient HM had what removed

Answer 68

his hippocampus and amygdala (obv affected memory)

Question 69

Brenda Milner

Answer 69

worked on HM's case- made him trace a star backwards while in a mirror (HM has no memory of task through day but he still acquires the skill throughout the days)

Question 70

What did HM lose?

Answer 70

the ability of make new long term memories through trace consolidation (anterograde amnesia)

Question 71

Loftus and Palmar experiment

Answer 71

showed people slides of a car accident, asked how fast they thought they were going; some people were asked how fast when they hit each other and others were asked how fast when they smashed into each other; the word smash made that group more likely to remember the picture worse than it was