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Psych 1100 > Exam 2 Psych > Flashcards

Exam 2 Psych Flashcards

(82 cards)

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1
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

input to a reflex

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2
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A

output of reflex

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3
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

initially results in investigatory response, then habituation; after conditioning, results in CR

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4
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

response to CS; measure amplitude, probability, latency

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5
Q

Before training

A

US -> UR; CS -> no relevant response

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6
Q

Training

A

CS + US

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7
Q

After training

A

US -> UR; CS -> CR

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8
Q

Strength of conditioned response increases after…

A

increased number of reinforcement trials

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9
Q

Extinction

A

Conditioned response declines and disappears over trials without unconditioned stimulus

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10
Q

extinction is due to…

A

the buildup of inhibition

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11
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

after rest interval, extinguished conditioned response reappears at almost previous strength, and extinguishes faster next time

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12
Q

spontaneous recovery is due to…

A

the dissipation of inhibition

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13
Q

Amount of saliva decreases because of…

A

increase in unreinforced trials

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14
Q

What kind of responses are involved in conditioning?

A

involuntary

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15
Q

contiguity

A

closeness in time is basis of acquisition of conditioned reflex

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16
Q

optimal time interval

A

this interval between the CS and US differs depending on particular response being conditioned; number of trials required for conditioning varies too

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17
Q

More intense conditioned stimulus leads to…

A

a greater conditioned response

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18
Q

What happens in higher order conditioning?

A
  1. establish conditioned stimulus (bell -> salivation)
  2. new conditioned stimulus is paired with old conditioned stimulus without unconditioned stimulus (tone paired with bell but no food-> salivation)
  3. eventually, new conditioned stimulus is established without unconditioned stimulus (tone -> salivation)
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19
Q

In higher order conditioning the unconditioned stimulus acts as _________ for conditioned reflex

A

reinforcer

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20
Q

In higher order conditioning a CS acts like a _________ ________ (“__________ _______”)

A

unconditioned stimulus; secondary reinforcer

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21
Q

Generalization

A

similar stimuli produce similar responses; new stimulus similar to conditioned stimulus also produces conditioned response

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22
Q

discrimination

A

different stimuli produce different responses; train “CS+” (high tone with unconditioned stimulus) and “CS-“ (low tone w/o US): result is CR to CS+ but not to CS-

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23
Q

Is the conditioned response the same as the unconditioned response?

A

no, the conditioned response may be preparatory response for unconditioned stimulus

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24
Q

What happens when a mouse experiences a CS tone -> US shock -> UR fast heartbeat, breathing

A

then in the next trial, CS tone -> CR slower heartbeat, breathing

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25
What happens when a mouse experiences a CS injection -> US morphine -> UR less pain
then in the next trial, CS injection -> CR more pain sensitivity
26
What was Pavlov's view of learning?
conditioned stimulus- conditioned reflex
27
What is the modern view of learning?
conditioned stimulus- unconditioned stimulus association, such that the conditioned stimulus provides info about the unconditioned stimulus
28
does conditioning with the unconditioned stimulus before the conditioned stimulus work?
no
29
Law of Effect
response is automatically strengthened when followed by reinforcement; automatically weakened when followed by punishment
30
In operant conditioning, reinforcement depends on what?
the response
31
in classical conditioning, reinforcement...
comes regardless (unconditioned stimulus)
32
Operant response is...
emitted and voluntary
33
Classical conditioning response is...
elicited and involuntary
34
What is learned in operant conditioning?
a behavior
35
what is learned in classical conditioning?
a signal (CS -> US)
36
Through what mechanism is operant conditioning learned?
Law of Effect: consequences (time out)
37
Through what mechanism is classical conditioning learned?
contiguity
38
The Skinner box...
had many responses, took little time and effort, and was easily recorded
39
In Skinners experiments, the response rate was the...
dependent variable
40
What was the independent variable in Skinner's experiments?
the schedule of reinforcement
41
________ always increases the rate of responding
reinforcement
42
_______ reinforcement delivers appetitive stimulus
positive
43
_______ reinforcement removes aversive stimulus
negative
44
_______ decreases the rate of responding
punishment
45
discriminative stimulus
indicates under what circumstances response will be reinforced
46
Stimulus does not cause ______, or signal reinforcement, it _________ for response
response; sets occasion
47
In operant conditioning, what is the parallel to a conditioned response
operant response
48
In operant conditioning, what is the parallel to a unconditioned stimulus
reinforcement
49
In operant conditioning, what is the parallel to a the conditioned stimulus
discriminative stimulus
50
How does the order change between classical and operant conditioning?
in classical the reinforcement is before the response; in operant the response is before the reinforcement
51
How does something get to be a conditioned reinforcer
through classical conditioning
52
partial reinforcement effect
reinforcing only some trials produces even stronger responses than reinforcing all trials
53
What are the different schedules of reinforcement?
interval, ratio, fixed, variable
54
continuous reinforcement
all responses get reinforced
55
Interval schedule
reinforce next response after some time interval (fixed and variable)
56
fixed interval
time is fixed; rat gets food pellet for next bar press 30 seconds after last pellet
57
variable interval
time is average; rat gets food after 20, 40, 25, 35 seconds (average of 30 seconds)
58
Ratio schedule
reinforcement after some number of responses
59
fixed ratio
ratio is fixed; rat gets food pellet for every 10th bar press
60
variable ratio
ratio is average; rat gets food pellet after 8, 12, 15, 5 responses (10th response average)
61
shaping
differential reinforcement of successive approximations to desired response (can produce a response the animal would never have made spontaneously on its own)
62
chaining
linking responses into long sequence allows training of very complex behaviors
63
________ not contiguity is what matters in classical conditioning
contingency
64
Robert Rescorla
expert on what it takes to make a signal work (more than just contiguity)
65
Contingency
how the unconditioned stimulus depends on the conditioned stimulus; Probability of unconditioned stimulus in presence of conditioned stimulus" relative to "probability of unconditioned stimulus in absence of conditioned stimulus"
66
What did Pavlov think about contingency?
contingency is confounded with contiguity
67
belongingness
biological preparedness to make certain associations
68
What did Pavlov assume about belongingness?
all associations are arbitrary; contiguity causes conditioning
69
Garcia Effect
special facility for learning taste aversion (taste-illness association)- difficult for classical conditioning
70
Why is the Garcia Effect difficult for classical conditioning?
1. association established in one trial 2. up to 24 hrs between CS and US 3. very resistant to extinction
71
flow of information in memory
stimulus -> STM -> rehearsal -> LTM
72
What are the two kinds of rehearsal?
maintenance and elaborative
73
maintance rehearsal
holds info in STM
74
elaborative rehearsal
moves info into LTM
75
How to reduce recency?
delay between 20th word and recall
76
How to reduce primacy?
present words faster
77
Short term memory is...
phonological- based on speech sounds confuse "boat" with "coat"
78
Long term memory is...
semantic- based on meaning confuse "boat" with "ship"
79
An excitatory CS-US connection builds up to its maximum strength during...
the acquisition phase of classical conditioning
80
During the ______ phase, an inhibitory CS-US connection builds up, tending to prevent the CR
extinction
81
When the strength of the inhibitory CS-US connection becomes ______ to the strength of the excitatory connection, extinction is complete and no CR occurs
equal
82
During a rest period, the inhibitory CS-US connection weakens and disappears, but the excitatory connection does not- this is called...
Dissipation of inhibition- spontaneous recovery

Psych 1100 (3 decks)

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