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Psych 1100 > Exam 2 Psych > Flashcards

Exam 2 Psych Flashcards

1
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

input to a reflex

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2
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A

output of reflex

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3
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

initially results in investigatory response, then habituation; after conditioning, results in CR

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4
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

response to CS; measure amplitude, probability, latency

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5
Q

Before training

A

US -> UR; CS -> no relevant response

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6
Q

Training

A

CS + US

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7
Q

After training

A

US -> UR; CS -> CR

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8
Q

Strength of conditioned response increases after…

A

increased number of reinforcement trials

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9
Q

Extinction

A

Conditioned response declines and disappears over trials without unconditioned stimulus

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10
Q

extinction is due to…

A

the buildup of inhibition

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11
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

after rest interval, extinguished conditioned response reappears at almost previous strength, and extinguishes faster next time

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12
Q

spontaneous recovery is due to…

A

the dissipation of inhibition

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13
Q

Amount of saliva decreases because of…

A

increase in unreinforced trials

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14
Q

What kind of responses are involved in conditioning?

A

involuntary

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15
Q

contiguity

A

closeness in time is basis of acquisition of conditioned reflex

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16
Q

optimal time interval

A

this interval between the CS and US differs depending on particular response being conditioned; number of trials required for conditioning varies too

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17
Q

More intense conditioned stimulus leads to…

A

a greater conditioned response

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18
Q

What happens in higher order conditioning?

A
  1. establish conditioned stimulus (bell -> salivation)
  2. new conditioned stimulus is paired with old conditioned stimulus without unconditioned stimulus (tone paired with bell but no food-> salivation)
  3. eventually, new conditioned stimulus is established without unconditioned stimulus (tone -> salivation)
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19
Q

In higher order conditioning the unconditioned stimulus acts as _________ for conditioned reflex

A

reinforcer

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20
Q

In higher order conditioning a CS acts like a _________ ________ (“__________ _______”)

A

unconditioned stimulus; secondary reinforcer

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21
Q

Generalization

A

similar stimuli produce similar responses; new stimulus similar to conditioned stimulus also produces conditioned response

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22
Q

discrimination

A

different stimuli produce different responses; train “CS+” (high tone with unconditioned stimulus) and “CS-“ (low tone w/o US): result is CR to CS+ but not to CS-

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23
Q

Is the conditioned response the same as the unconditioned response?

A

no, the conditioned response may be preparatory response for unconditioned stimulus

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24
Q

What happens when a mouse experiences a CS tone -> US shock -> UR fast heartbeat, breathing

A

then in the next trial, CS tone -> CR slower heartbeat, breathing

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25
Q

What happens when a mouse experiences a CS injection -> US morphine -> UR less pain

A

then in the next trial, CS injection -> CR more pain sensitivity

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26
Q

What was Pavlov’s view of learning?

A

conditioned stimulus- conditioned reflex

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27
Q

What is the modern view of learning?

A

conditioned stimulus- unconditioned stimulus association, such that the conditioned stimulus provides info about the unconditioned stimulus

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28
Q

does conditioning with the unconditioned stimulus before the conditioned stimulus work?

A

no

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29
Q

Law of Effect

A

response is automatically strengthened when followed by reinforcement; automatically weakened when followed by punishment

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30
Q

In operant conditioning, reinforcement depends on what?

A

the response

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31
Q

in classical conditioning, reinforcement…

A

comes regardless (unconditioned stimulus)

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32
Q

Operant response is…

A

emitted and voluntary

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33
Q

Classical conditioning response is…

A

elicited and involuntary

34
Q

What is learned in operant conditioning?

A

a behavior

35
Q

what is learned in classical conditioning?

A

a signal (CS -> US)

36
Q

Through what mechanism is operant conditioning learned?

A

Law of Effect: consequences (time out)

37
Q

Through what mechanism is classical conditioning learned?

A

contiguity

38
Q

The Skinner box…

A

had many responses, took little time and effort, and was easily recorded

39
Q

In Skinners experiments, the response rate was the…

A

dependent variable

40
Q

What was the independent variable in Skinner’s experiments?

A

the schedule of reinforcement

41
Q

________ always increases the rate of responding

A

reinforcement

42
Q

_______ reinforcement delivers appetitive stimulus

A

positive

43
Q

_______ reinforcement removes aversive stimulus

A

negative

44
Q

_______ decreases the rate of responding

A

punishment

45
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

indicates under what circumstances response will be reinforced

46
Q

Stimulus does not cause ______, or signal reinforcement, it _________ for response

A

response; sets occasion

47
Q

In operant conditioning, what is the parallel to a conditioned response

A

operant response

48
Q

In operant conditioning, what is the parallel to a unconditioned stimulus

A

reinforcement

49
Q

In operant conditioning, what is the parallel to a the conditioned stimulus

A

discriminative stimulus

50
Q

How does the order change between classical and operant conditioning?

A

in classical the reinforcement is before the response; in operant the response is before the reinforcement

51
Q

How does something get to be a conditioned reinforcer

A

through classical conditioning

52
Q

partial reinforcement effect

A

reinforcing only some trials produces even stronger responses than reinforcing all trials

53
Q

What are the different schedules of reinforcement?

A

interval, ratio, fixed, variable

54
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

all responses get reinforced

55
Q

Interval schedule

A

reinforce next response after some time interval (fixed and variable)

56
Q

fixed interval

A

time is fixed; rat gets food pellet for next bar press 30 seconds after last pellet

57
Q

variable interval

A

time is average; rat gets food after 20, 40, 25, 35 seconds (average of 30 seconds)

58
Q

Ratio schedule

A

reinforcement after some number of responses

59
Q

fixed ratio

A

ratio is fixed; rat gets food pellet for every 10th bar press

60
Q

variable ratio

A

ratio is average; rat gets food pellet after 8, 12, 15, 5 responses (10th response average)

61
Q

shaping

A

differential reinforcement of successive approximations to desired response (can produce a response the animal would never have made spontaneously on its own)

62
Q

chaining

A

linking responses into long sequence allows training of very complex behaviors

63
Q

________ not contiguity is what matters in classical conditioning

A

contingency

64
Q

Robert Rescorla

A

expert on what it takes to make a signal work (more than just contiguity)

65
Q

Contingency

A

how the unconditioned stimulus depends on the conditioned stimulus; Probability of unconditioned stimulus in presence of conditioned stimulus” relative to “probability of unconditioned stimulus in absence of conditioned stimulus”

66
Q

What did Pavlov think about contingency?

A

contingency is confounded with contiguity

67
Q

belongingness

A

biological preparedness to make certain associations

68
Q

What did Pavlov assume about belongingness?

A

all associations are arbitrary; contiguity causes conditioning

69
Q

Garcia Effect

A

special facility for learning taste aversion (taste-illness association)- difficult for classical conditioning

70
Q

Why is the Garcia Effect difficult for classical conditioning?

A
  1. association established in one trial
  2. up to 24 hrs between CS and US
  3. very resistant to extinction
71
Q

flow of information in memory

A

stimulus -> STM -> rehearsal -> LTM

72
Q

What are the two kinds of rehearsal?

A

maintenance and elaborative

73
Q

maintance rehearsal

A

holds info in STM

74
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

moves info into LTM

75
Q

How to reduce recency?

A

delay between 20th word and recall

76
Q

How to reduce primacy?

A

present words faster

77
Q

Short term memory is…

A

phonological- based on speech sounds confuse “boat” with “coat”

78
Q

Long term memory is…

A

semantic- based on meaning confuse “boat” with “ship”

79
Q

An excitatory CS-US connection builds up to its maximum strength during…

A

the acquisition phase of classical conditioning

80
Q

During the ______ phase, an inhibitory CS-US connection builds up, tending to prevent the CR

A

extinction

81
Q

When the strength of the inhibitory CS-US connection becomes ______ to the strength of the excitatory connection, extinction is complete and no CR occurs

A

equal

82
Q

During a rest period, the inhibitory CS-US connection weakens and disappears, but the excitatory connection does not- this is called…

A

Dissipation of inhibition- spontaneous recovery

Psych 1100 (3 decks)

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