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Behavioral Neuroendocrinology > exam 1 reading notes > Flashcards

exam 1 reading notes Flashcards

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1
Q

what is behavioral endocrinology

A

study of the interaction between hormones and behavior

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2
Q

what does it mean to say the interaction between hormones and behavior is bidirectional

A

they can each influence each other independently

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3
Q

what are hormones

A

chemical messengers released from endocrine glands that travel through the blood system

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4
Q

what is testosterone

A

steroid hormone that builds muscle mass

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5
Q

what secretes testosterone in males

A

gonads (testes)

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6
Q

what is castration

A

surgical removal of the testes

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7
Q

who conducted the first endocrinology study

A

Arnold Adolph Berthold

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8
Q

what did Adolph Bertholds experiment demonstrate

A

a product of the testes was necessary for a chick to develop into a normal adult rooster

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9
Q

what were the three conclusions Berthold drew from his experiments

A
  1. the testes are transplantable organs
  2. transplanted testes can function and produce sperm
  3. there are no specific nerves directing testicular function
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10
Q

is muscle output considered behavior

A

yes

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11
Q

what levels of analyses does behavioral endocrinology primarily focus on

A

immediate causation and development

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12
Q

what are the four levels of analysis

A

immediate causation
development
evolution
adaptive function

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13
Q

what are the two levels of analysis that are considered “how questions”

A

immediate causation and development

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14
Q

what are the two levels of analysis that are considered “why questions”

A

evolution and adaptive function

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15
Q

do hormones cause behavioral changes

A

no, they influence that input, integrators, and output systems to elicit certain responses

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16
Q

can hormones affect gene expression and neuronal development

A

yes

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17
Q

can behavior influence hormones

A

yes

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18
Q

what are the three conditions that must be satisfied by the experimental results for a causal link between hormones and behavior to be established

A
  1. hormonally dependent behavior should disappear when the source is removed or the actions are blocked
  2. after behavior stops, restoration of missing hormone should reinstate behavior
  3. hormone concentrations and the behavior should be covariant
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19
Q

what does ablation mean

A

removal or extirpation

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20
Q

how do radioimmunoassays work

A

competitive binding of an antibody to its antigen

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21
Q

how do enzyme immunoassays work (EIA or ELISA)

A

competitive binding of an antibody to its antigen but EIA does not require radioactive tags because the antibody is tagged with an enzyme that changes the color of the substrate

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22
Q

what does in situ hybridization identify

A

cells or tissues that are producing mRNA molecules that encode a specific protein (NT or hormone)

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23
Q

what does a PET scan track

A

where tagged glucose is being used in the brain

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24
Q

what does fMRI track

A

blood flow

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25
what is RNAi
gene regulatory mechanism that inhibits gene expression by impeding transcription or translation
26
what is intracrine mediation
chemical mediation of intracellular events
27
what are autocrine cells
cells that secrete products that may feed back to affect processes in the cells that originally produced them
28
what are paracrine cells
chemical mediators that are released by one cell and induce a biological response in an adjacent cell
29
what is an ectocrine substance
released from an individual to the outside world and induce a biological response in another animal (ex. pheromones)
30
what is endocrine mediation
endocrine cells secrete chemicals into the bloodstream where they travel to distant targets
31
what is a cytokine
chemical messenger that evokes proliferation of other cells, especially in the immune system
32
what is a neuromodulator
hormone that changes the response of a neuron to some other factors
33
do endocrine glands have ducts
no
34
do endocrine glands have a rich blood supply
yes
35
where are hormones secreted to
the bloodstream
36
what is needed for a hormone to interact with a cell
the target cell needs the appropriate receptors
37
what are steroid hormones soluble in
lipid soluble NOT water soluble
38
which class of hormones can move through the cell membrane easily
steroid hormones
39
what is the precursor of a steroid hormone
cholesterol
40
what are peptide hormones soluble in
water soluble (soluble in blood)
41
what class of hormones bond with a carrier protein in the bloodstream
steroid hormones
42
where are the adrenal glands located
on top of the kidneys
43
what is the main function of the hypothalamus
control of hormone secretions
44
what is the main function of the pineal gland
reproductive maturation and body rhythms
45
what is the main function of the pituitary gland
anterior: hormones secretion by thyroid, adrenal cortex, gonads and growth posterior: water and salt balance
46
what is the main function of the thyroid
growth and development metabolic rate
47
what is the main function of the adrenal glands
cortex: salt and carb metabolism and inflammatory reactions medulla: emotional arousal and stress response
48
what is the main function of the pancreas
sugar metabolism
49
what is the main function of the gut
digestion and appetite control
50
what is the main function of the gonads
body development and maintenance of reproductive organs
51
what is the difference between a peptide hormone and a protein hormone
peptide: few AA in length protein: larger chains
52
how are protein and peptide hormones released into circulation
exocytosis
53
what is a biological half life
the amount of time required to remove half the hormone from the blood
54
what are neurosecretory cells
modified neurons specialized for the release of chemical messengers (similar structure to a neuron)
55
what are the five releasing hormones that have been isolated and characterized
1. thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) 2. growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) 3. gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) 4. melanotropin releasing hormone (MRH) 5. corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
56
what are the two inhibitory hormones that have been isolated
1. somatostatin (growth hormone inhibiting hormone) 2. gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH)
57
what does dopamine inhibit
release of prolactin and melanotropin from the anterior pituitary
58
what is hypocretin involved in
sleep metabolic balance activation of sympathetic nervous system
59
what is the portal system
a special closed blood circuit in which two beds of capillaries, one in hypothalamus and one in anterior pituitary, are connected by a vein
60
which direction does the portal system ensure blood flows
from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary (ensures that signals from hypothalamus end up at the anterior pituitary rather than in general circulation)
61
what is the name of the hormones that are released from the anterior pituitary
trophic hormones
62
what three hormones are known as glycoproteins
LH FSH TSH (part of the molecular structure is a carbohydrate)
63
what are the two gonadotropins
LH FSH
64
what does prolactin promote
lactation in female mammals
65
where is ACTH made
corticotrope cells
66
what is the parent protein of ACTH
POMC
67
what are the two major neurohormones of the posterior pituitary
vasopressin and oxytocin
68
what are the four major peptide hormones secreted from the pancreas
insulin glucagon somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide
69
what is secretion of pancreatic polypeptide stimulated by
protein consumption, fasting, exercise, and acute hypoglycemia
70
what are the three major gastrointestinal hormones
secretin cholecystokinin ghrelin
71
what is the precursor of steroid hormones
cholesterol
72
are all hormones regulated by negative feedback
no
73
what is the signal transduction pathway
the sequence of events that begins with a hormone binding to its receptor and ends with the ultimate response in a target cell
74
is the pancreas an endocrine or exocrine organ
both
75
what hormones are released from the adrenal cortex
mineralocorticoids glucocorticoids sex steroid hormones
76
what hormones are released from the adrenal medulla
epi NE
77
where is melatonin released
pineal gland
78
what is sexual differentiation
the developmental process of becoming male or female
79
when does the primary step in sex differentiation occur
at fertilization during sex determination
80
what is the name of the artist of the kiss
gustav klimt

Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (6 decks)

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