exam 2 lecture notes Flashcards
(213 cards)
1
Q
what was william c youngs hypothesis
A
during development hormones organize/determine the structure of the nervous system in a way that will determine how the nervous system responds to the activational effects of hormones throughout life
2
Q
what is the difference between the control of GnRH secretion in males and females
A
males: tonic activity
females: have phasic activity (cyclical)
3
Q
what are the two basic functions of gonads
A
- produce gametes
- produce hormones
4
Q
what is a follicle
A
a sphere of granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte
5
Q
as the follicle matures, what does it become surrounded by
A
outer layer of theca cells
6
Q
what is a primordial follicle
A
a single later of granulosa cells surrounding ovum
7
Q
what kind of follicle is present in ovaries at time of birth
A
primordial follicle
8
Q
what is a primary follicle
A
single later of granulosa cells surrounded by a single layer of theca cells
9
Q
what is the zona pellucida
A
an outer layer of glycoproteins surrounding the ovum (outside the theca layer) that will eventually bind sperm
10
Q
what is a secondary follicle
A
several layers of granulosa cells surrounded by a single layer of theca cells
11
Q
what are tertiary follicles
A
fluid (secreted by granulosa cells) accumulates within follicle
theca differentiates into theca interna and theca externa layers
12
Q
what is the space between the oocyte and the outer wall of the follicle called
A
antrum
13
Q
what is the juice in the atrium called
A
liquor folliculi
14
Q
what is the liquor folliculi rich in
A
estrogens
15
Q
during each menstural cycle, how many tertiary follicles develop in each ovary
A
~10
16
Q
what is a graafian follicle
A
the mature follicle
17
Q
during each cycle, how many follicles become mature
A
usually only 1
18
Q
when does ovulation occur
A
when the graafian follicle ruptures, propelling the ovum towards the mouth of the fallopian tubes
19
Q
what is mittelschmerz
A
midpain
-when the woman can feel ovulation occur
20
Q
the typical women secretes how many ova in a lifetime
A
400
21
Q
men produce how many sperm per day
A
200 million
22
Q
what kind of hormones are estrogen and progesterone
A
steroids
23
Q
what is testosterone a prohormone for
A
DHT
estradiol
24
Q
what converts testosterone to estradiol
A
aromatase
25
what does LH stimulate in the ovary
the theca interna to produce testosterone
26
what happens to the testosterone produced in the theca interna cells
it diffuses out into the granulosa cells
27
what does FSH stimulate in granulosa cells
production of aromatase (enzyme)
28
what does aromatase do in granulosa cells
converts testosterone to estradiol
29
after ovulation, what does LH stimulate in granulosa cells
production of progesterone (and estrogen)
30
is LH or FSH necessary for estrogen production
both
31
what are the three phases of the human menstrual cycle
menses
follicular phase
luteal phase
32
what happens during the menstrual phase
sloughing off of uterine lining; bleeding due to exposure of corkscrew blood vessel endings
33
what are the hormones like during days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle
very low progesterone and estrogen
LH and FSH increase some by day 5 which triggers follicular phase
34
what happens during the follicular phase
development of follicles and mature egg
35
what are the hormones like during days 6-12 of the follicular phase
steady increase in estrogen
progesterone remains low
36
what does the graafian follicle look like
a blister on the surface of the ovary
37
what happens during day 13 of the follicular phase
surge in LH secretion
38
what happens during day 14 of the follicular phase
ovulation
- graafian follicle ruptures and the egg is released into the fallopian tube
39
what happens during the luteal phase
preparation of uterus to receive fertilized egg (pseudopregnancy)
40
what are the hormones like during days 15-21 of the luteal phase
estrogen returns to high levels after temporary dip
progesterone rises to high levels
41
what is the corpus luteum
when the graafian follicle collapses, the granulosa and thecal cells become the corpus luteum
42
what hormones does the corpus luteum produce
progesterone and estradiol
43
what happens in days 22-28 of the luteal phase in the absence of a fertilized egg
estrogen and progesterone levels decline and the withdraw of progesterone from uterus triggers menstruation
44
what is the corpus albicans
the dying remnant of the corpus luteal tissue
45
what are the most common type of oral contraceptives
combination pills containing estrogens and progestins
46
what is contained in days 1-21 of oral contraceptive pills
steroid containing pills
47
what is contained in days 22-28 of oral contraceptive pills
placebo pills
(absence of progesterone allows for menstruation)
48
what does the phasic part of birth control pills refer to
the changes in progestin levels which increase in 2 steps (biphasic) or 3 steps (triphasic) over the 21 days
49
what is the type of estrogen that is usually used in birth control pills
ethinyl estradiol
50
what is the mechanism of action of birth control pills
lock the cycle into the luteal phase (high progesterone) to prevent follicle maturation, LH surge, and ovulation
51
how does the progesterone in oral contraceptives prevent the LH surge
by maintaining high negative feedback on LH secretion
(high progesterone contributes to high negative feedback on the system)
52
what is the effect of oral contraceptives on endogenous estradiol secretion
decreased endogenous estradiol secretion
53
how does plan B work
high does of synthetic progesterone intended to suppress ovulation and interfere with the ability of sperm to migrate into the fallopian tubes by thickening cervical mucus
54
what is RU486
a synthetic progesterone receptor antagonist intended to cause miscarriage by inducing menstruation
55
what is the feedback loop in response to low levels of estrogens and progesterone
negative feedback
56
what is the feedback loop in response to high levels of estrogen
positive feedback
57
what will high levels of estrogen cause
GnRH surge which will trigger an LH surge
58
why can GnRH secretion not be measured like LH can
GnRH is not systemic
59
where is the surge center
in rats, believed to be in hypothalamus
60
in rats, what kind of trait is having/not having a surge center
sexually dimorphic (only females have a functioning surge center)
61
what does it mean to say that rats are altricial
they are born in a very premature stage of development
62
what occurs in a male rat pup on the first day after they are born
a large surge in testosterone secretion
63
what is the ovulation outcome in a male rat that had no neonatal manipulation but was given an ovary as an adult
no ovulation
64
what is the ovulation outcome in a male rat that had neonatal castration and was given an ovary as an adult
ovulation
(suggests the rat has a functional surge center)
65
what is the critical period for castration of the male rat
must take place first day after birth
66
what is the ovulation outcome in a female rat that had neonatal treatment with testosterone and no adult manipulation
no ovulation
67
what is the critical period of testosterone treatment in the female rat
first 10 days of birth
68
what is the ovulation outcome in a female rat that had neonatal treatment with estradiol and no adult manipulation
no ovulation
69
what enzyme converts testosterone to estradiol
aromatase
70
where is aromatase located
granulosa cells of ovary and neurons in the hypothalamus
71
what is the ovulation outcome in a male rat that had neonatal day 1 inhibition of aromatase and was given an ovary as an adult
ovulation
(testosterone is not being converted into estradiol)
72
what is the ovulation outcome in a female rat that had neonatal treatment with DHT but had no adult manipulation
ovulation
(DHT cannot be converted into estradiol)
73
what conclusion do the rat experiments lead to about the effect of estrogen on the surge center
estradiol is responsible for blocking the surge center from forming
74
the ability of an adult rat to respond to estrogen positive feedback is an example of
the organizational effect of hormones
(if there is a functional surge center or not)
75
why is the fetus' surge center not affected by the estrogen from their mom
estradiol is bound strongly to alpha-fetal carrier protein and is not able to cross the BBB so therefore it cannot have effects in the hypothalamus
76
does alpha fetal protein bind testosterone
no
77
what sexual anomaly did Mrs. Brown in the video have
testicular feminization mutation (androgen insensitivity)
(characterized by no pubic hair, no womb, general female appearance)
78
how did researchers assess whether individuals had a female or male organized brain (ex. functional surge center)
positive feedback response to a high does of estrogen
79
what are the implications of the Mrs. Brown study video result for organizational effects of hormones on gender identity
maybe male gender identity requires activation of androgen receptors
80
what response did the homosexual men in the study have on the test
LH levels increased (what happens in a female response pattern)
81
what organizational effects on the brain during fetal development cause masculinization or defeminization of brain development
androgens acting at androgen receptors
82
what is the sex difference in brain size
males have about 10% bigger brains
no differences in IQ
83
what did the study of sexual dimorphism of brains in rats determine about the synapses on dendrites in the difference sexes of rats
females: more synapses on dendritic spines
males: more synapses on dendritic shafts
84
is the medial preoptic area necessary for normal male rat mating behavior
yes
85
what does the male pattern of MPOA development require
presence of estrogen during neonatal brain development
86
what is the sexual dimorphic nucleus that was found near the preoptic area by gorski and colleagues
sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus (SDN-POA)
87
was the SDN-POA bigger in males or females
males
88
what does the size of the SDN-POA depend on
local presence of estrogen during neonatal development
89
what is the human brain analog of the SDN-POA
interstitial nuclei of anterior hypothalamus subregions 1-4 (INAH)
90
what categories do the morphological differences in the brains of males and females fall in
brain region volume
brain region connections
(have relevance to lateralization of brain function)
91
what does lateralization of brain function mean
difference in function between the two hemispheres
92
what hemisphere of the brain does language processing and production take place
left hemisphere
93
what area is responsible for language processing
wernickes area
94
what area is responsible for language production
brocas area
95
which brain hemisphere is responsible for complex computation
left hemisphere
96
what is the right hemisphere responsible for
visual-spatial processing
emotional processing
97
does evidence suggest women have more or less lateralization of function
less lateralization of function than men (more functional communication between the two hemispheres)
98
are men or women more likely to have aphasia if they have a stroke in the left hemisphere
men because more lateralization of function
99
what does an fMRI look at
blood oxygenation
100
in the rhyming study, where was neural activity in men and women
men: primarily in left hemisphere
women: both hemispheres
101
what is a commissure
bundle of neuronal axons connecting the 2 hemispheres
102
is the corpus callosum larger in men or women
posterior corpus callosum larger in women
103
is the anterior commissure larger in men or women
larger cross sectional diameter in women
104
what is the planum temporale
part of the temporal lobe inside lateral fissure that is the location of wernickes area in the left hemisphere
105
what are the macroscopic and microscopic sex differences in the planum temporale
macroscopic: larger in women and more symmetrical between the two hemispheres
microscopic: higher density of neurons in women
106
is there evidence for distinct female vs male organized brains in terms of structure and function
no
although some aspects are sexually dimorphic, every brain has the same combination of features
107
what do the organizational effects of hormones on human brain development contribute most to
what makes us unique individuals
NOT if we are male or female
108
do women or men have more sensitive olfaction
women
109
when does the olfactory sex difference develop for detecting musk-like odors
after puberty
110
when does the olfactory sex difference develop for detecting volatile amyl acetate
before puberty
(organizational effect)
111
do women or men have more sensitive taste
women
especially bitter taste
112
what is the influence of the following on taste:
puberty
menstrual cycle
pregnancy
menopause
puberty: increases after puberty in women
menstrual cycle: increases during follicular phase
pregnancy: increases
menopause: sex differences diminish
113
does the evidence point to an organizational or activational effect of hormones for taste
activational
114
what is the sex difference for audition
women have better detection for pure tones (especially high frequencies) and less tolerance for white noise
115
what is the sex difference for vision
men have better visual acuity
women tolerate higher levels of light intensity and dark adapt more quickly
116
what is the sex difference for pain
women have more sensitivity to pain
117
what kind of cognitive tasks do women usually excel at
verbal tasks
perceptual skills
fine motor skills
118
what kind of cognitive tasks do men usually excel at
quantitative tasks
visuospatial tasks
119
what is turners syndrome
x chromosome monosomy
(female phenotype but dysfunctional ovary)
120
do individuals with turners syndrome have good or bad visuospatial ability
poor visuospatial ability
121
what is congenital adrenal hyperplasia
girls exposed to androgens during fetal development due to fetal adrenal gland over production of androgens
122
do individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia have good or bad visuospatial ability
higher than average visuospatial ability
123
what is the correlation between the menstural cycle and visuospatial ability
better performance on visuospatial tasks during menstruation compared to the time around ovulation
124
what is the organizational evidence for the sex differences in verbal ability
girls develop verbal fluency earlier than boys
125
what is the activational evidence for the sex differences in verbal ability
for simple speech rate and articulation, performance is better around ovulation compared to menstruation
126
is there evidence for activational differences in hormones determining sexual orientation or gender identity
no
127
is there evidence for organizational differences in hormones determining sexual orientation or gender identity
maybe
INAH 3 of the anterior hypothalamus varied with sexual orientation
128
could AIDS be a confound in the INAH study
no because the size of the brain region was consistently bigger between homo and heterosexual men and the size of the other nuclei was consistent
129
why do the results of the INAH study not prove that the size of INAH3 determines sexual orientation
correlation does not equal causation and it did not determine if INAH caused sexual orientation, sexual orientation caused INAH differences, or if there was a third factor
130
what is the difference between parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction
parthenogenesis: asexual (offspring is a genetic clone of the parent)
sexual: allows mixing of genetic material
131
what is male mating behavior in rats dependent on
the activating effects of androgens present during adulthood
132
what happens to mating behavior when an adult male rat is castrated
no mating behavior
133
what happens to mating behavior when an adult male rat is castrated but then receives a testosterone replacement
yes mating behavior
134
what happens to mating behavior when an adult male rat is castrated but then receives an estrogen replacement
yes mating behavior
135
what happens to mating behavior when an adult male rat is castrated but then receives a DHT replacement
no mating behavior
136
can DHT be converted into estrogen
no
137
what is the mating behavior in the adult male rat dependent on
estradiol
138
what happens to mating behavior when a male rat is castrated on the first day of birth and is then given an estrogen replacement as an adult
female mating behavior
(castration causes a female organized brain)
139
what are the names for phase 1 of sexual behavior
appetitive
drive
courtship
140
what are the names for phase 2 of sexual behavior
consummatory
performance
copulation
141
what is a nuclei
cluster of neuron cell bodies, dendrites and axon terminals (gray matter)
142
what are the four brain components that are best characterized in regards to male mating behavior
medial preoptic area (MPOA)
olfactory system
amygdala
bed nucleus stria terminalis (BNST)
143
what does the medial preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus do
integrates environmental, physiological and psychological information necessary for successful copulation
144
what do lesions of the medial preoptic area eliminate
sexual performance
NOT sexual motivation
145
what do lesions of the olfactory system eliminate
both sexual motivation and sexual performance
146
what do lesions of the amygdala eliminate
impaired sexual motivation
NOT sexual performance
147
what happened when rats had lesions in the MPOA and were reared in isolation vs reared with non-lesioned rats
reared in isolation: unable to engage in mating behavior
reared with other rats: able to develop normal mating behavior
148
what happens when the MPOA is electrically stimulated
increases the amount of mounting and ejaculation
149
where are the olfactory receptors located
in the nose for detection of odors
150
what is the vomeronasal organ (VNO)
in the base of the nasal cavity above a small duct in the roof of the mouth
- has receptors for odorless pheromone
151
what are pheromones
chemical signals emitted by one organism that affects the function of another organism
152
what is the flehman response
characteristic behavior of many animals that facilitates placement of pheromones from tongue to opening in roof of mouth leading to vomeronasal organ
153
what was the result of blocking nostrils on mating behavior in rats
blocks mating behavior in male rats
154
where does the olfactory system send input to
the basolateral and corticomedial nuclei of the amygdala
155
what are the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala especially important for
sexual motivation
(phase1)
156
in the study, what was the result of a lesion in the MPOA
impaired sexual performance
157
in the study, what was the result of a lesion in the basolateral amygdala
impaired drive
158
in the study, what was the result of a castration
both impaired drive and performance
159
what restores mating behavior in a castrated male rat
testosterone or estrogen (NOT DHT) microinjected into the MPOA
160
where is abundant in the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the MPOA
androgen and estrogen receptors
161
what do dopamine agonists do to mating behavior
increase
162
what do dopamine antagonists do to mating behavior
decrease
163
where are dopamine neurons located
MPOA
also part of brain's reward circuit
164
what are endorphins
endogenous morphine like chemical
165
what do opiates do to mating
inhibit
166
is there a relationship between testosterone secretion over the lifespan and sexual behavior
yes, positive correlation
167
what will daily treatment of men with goserelin (GnRH receptor agonist) do
decrease testosterone production by promoting downregulation of GnRH receptors
168
what does permissive effects of hormones refer to
their presence is necessary but not sufficient for a particular effect
169
what is estrus
time of sexual receptivity in females
170
what is the estrus cycle
a cycle of estrus activity that fluctuates with season and/or ovulation
171
what is the menstrual cycle
a tonic (continuous) estrus in primates and humans
- ovulatory cycle is marked by menstruation, not behavior
172
what does the ovulatory cycle in a female rat look like
4-5 days
sexually responsive during only day 1 of their cycle
behavioral estrus occurs on day 4 or 5 right after ovulation
have a short luteal phase and no pseudopregnancy
173
what is pseudopregnancy
full luteal phase in absence of fertilization
174
in rats, how can a luteal phase be induced
physical stimulation or prolactin secretion
(prolactin secretion triggered by physical stimulation)
175
what are the kinds of type 1 ovulatory cycles found in mammals
ovulation and pseudopregnancy are spontaneous
- phasic estrus: ex. dogs estrus twice a year
- tonic estrus: ex. primates, humans continuous estrus
176
what are the kinds of type 2 ovulatory cycles found in mammals
ovulation is induced by copulation (follicle wont rupture until physical act of copulation) and pseudopregnancy is spontaneous
ex. cats
177
what are the kinds of type 3 cycles found in mammals
ovulation is spontaneous but pseudopregnancy is induced by copulation (luteal phase is skipped if no copulation)
ex. rat, mouse
178
how can gonadal steroid secretion in women be described in reference to the different hormone profiles that are present during different stages
cyclical
179
what are the hormones during the follicular phase in humans
steadily increasing estrogen
low progesterone
180
what are the hormones during the luteal phase
high estrogen
high progesterone
181
what are the hormones during the perimenstruation phase
low estrogen
low progesterone
182
what kind of effect do the different periods of hormone profiles have on behavior/mood
activational effects
183
what are the three stages/phases of mating behavior in females
attractivity
proceptivity (drive, courtship)
receptivity (performance, copulation)
184
what is the attractivity phase in females
male rate and male primates prefer being with females around her time of ovulation
185
what is the proceptivity phase in females
drive; flirting and courtship
-females of many species more involved in mate selection than males
186
what are two things that may contribute to mate preference in humans
symmetry (may suggest immunocompetence)
degree of masculinization
187
what are two studies that provide evidence for hormonal influence on mate preference in humans
study found women preferred scent of symmetrical men more during ovulation time than at other points in their cycle
study found women preferred more masculine faces during ovulation and more feminine faces at other points
188
what is the receptivity phase in females
performance (in rats - lordosis)
189
what kind of effect of hormones are the three stages of female mating behavior dependent on
activational effects of hormones
190
what hormone is sufficient to activate mating behavior in the female rat
estrogen
191
in the rat, what hormone is required for mating behavior in both male and female
estrogen
(in males testosterone is converted into estrogen)
192
what determines whether the pattern of mating behavior will be male or female
organizational events at birth
193
in females, what brain region is important for sexual behavior
ventral medial hypothalamus
194
what do lesions in the VMH cause
inhibit proceptive and receptive behaviors
195
what do lesions in the midbrain central gray cause
inhibit receptive behaviors
196
what do lesions in the VNAB cause
inhibit receptive and increase proceptive behaviors
197
what do lesions in the forebrain cause
facilitate receptive
198
what kind of neuronal cell bodies are in the locus ceruleus
noradrenergic
199
what do the VMH and midbrain central gray need for optimal mating behavior
direct activating effects of estrogen and progesterone
200
what does NE do to female sexual behavior
facilitate lordosis
201
what does dopamine do to female sexual behavior
facilitate proceptive behaviors
202
what does serotonin do to female sexual behavior
inhibit sexual behavior
203
what do endorphins do to female sexual behavior
inhibit sexual behavior
204
what do SSRIs do to female sexual behavior
directly: reduce libido
indirectly: increase libido by reducing depression
205
what is the lee boot effect
female mice housed 4/cage had lengthened diestrus (inactive) periods
- removal of olfactory bulbs prevented this effect suggesting it might be pheromone related
206
what is the whitten effect
large number of female mice housed together without males show an extreme interruption in estrous cycle
- male odors induce estrus 48h later
207
what is the bruce effect
pregnant females with strange males resulted in termination of pregnancy and subsequent mating with new male 3-6 days after termination
208
what is the vandenbergh effect
females housed with males attain puberty sooner than females housed without males
females housed with other females attain puberty later than females housed by themselves
209
in general, male rats provide stimulus that
interrupts pregnancy
induces ovulation
accelerates puberty
210
in general, female rats provide stimulus that
suppresses ovulation
delays puberty
211
in the study with axillary secretions, what happened to the recipient's menstrual cycle if the donor secretions were in the follicular phase
decreased recipient's menstrual cycle
212
in the study with axillary secretions, what happened to the recipient's menstrual cycle when exposed to ovulatory phase secretions
increased length of recipient's menstrual cycle
213
how do humans detect pheromones without a vomeronasal organ
olfactory receptors
