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exam 1 refined Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

what are the 2 central questions is biology

A

mechanistic (proximate) -how are they doing this
Evolutionary(ultimate) - why are they doing this

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2
Q

what are the types of physiological study

A

comparative, evolutionary, environmental, and applied

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3
Q

what is comparative physiology

A

comparing physiological functions in different species

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4
Q

what is evolutionary physiology

A

studying physiological adaptations over evolutionary time

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5
Q

what is environmental physiology

A

explaining how organisms respond to environmental changes

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6
Q

what is applied physiology

A

using knowledge to address issues in health, conservation, and ecology

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7
Q

acute changes

A

short term- reversible responses to environmental changes

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8
Q

chronic changes (acclimation and acclimitization)

A

long term, reversible physiological adjustments

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9
Q

evolutionary changes

A

occur over generations via genetic modifications -nonreversible

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10
Q

developmental changes

A

programmed changes from conception to adulthood

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11
Q

biological clock changes(periodic)

A

circadian rhythms

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12
Q

gestation length scaling

A

larger herbivores have longer gestation periods

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13
Q

mass specific metabolic rate

A

smaller animals have higher per gram energy use

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14
Q

max kliebers work

A

metabolic rates scale to body mass to the 3/4 power

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15
Q

surface area to volume ratio

A

larger animals have lower SA:V ratio, influencing heat retention and metabolic rate

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16
Q

convergent evolution vs parallel evolution in respect to phenotypes

A

convergent- similar traits evolve independently
parallel- similar traits arise from shared genetic mechanisms
-homologous and analogous

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17
Q

components of homeostasis

A

sensor- detects change
integrator- compares to set point
effector- produces response

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18
Q

positive feedback does what

A

amplifies change instead of counteracting
ex- blood clotting

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19
Q

homologous versus analogous

A

homologous- same in structure
analogous- same in functions
both evolved separately

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20
Q

what are the heat transfer mechanisms

A

conduction, convection, radiation

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21
Q

what is conduction

A

direct transfer of heat between objects in contrast

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22
Q

convection

A

transfer of heat via fluid movement

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23
Q

radiation

A

emission of heat energy from a warmer object to a cooler one without direct contact

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24
Q

what are regulators

A

maintain stable internal environments

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25
conformers
internal state changes with environment
26
avoiders
change location or behavior to maintain stability
27
acclimation
adaptive physiological changes in response to controlled environment variations (lab conditions)
28
acclimatization
in response to environmental changes (seasonal shifts in temp)
29
in terms of themes in physiology what are reductionistic properties
breaking down complex systems into smaller parts to study them individually
30
in terms of themes in physiology what are emergent properties
understanding interaction of components produces new properties
31
what defines an animal
multicellularity heterotrophy motility
32
what are considered the most ancestral animals
porifera (sponges)
33
animals evolved from unicellular animals (endosymbiosis) likely related to
choanoflagellates
34
porifera lack
true tissues, simplest animals
35
cnidaria include what species and what symmetry
jellyfish, corals, sea anemones. radial symmetry
36
platyelmthines include
flatoworms, bilateral, no body cavity
37
nematoda
round worms, pseudocoelomates, complete digestive system
38
annelids
segmented worms- leeches
39
mollusca
snails clams squid
40
echinodermata
sea stars, sand dollars, radial symmetry, deuterostomes
41
chordata
vertebrates and tunicates, notochord, deuterostomes
42
genomics to phenome
genetic changes drive phenotypic traits
43
what is knockdown
temporarily reduces gene expression to study its function
44
what is knockout
completely removes a gene to observe its effects on physiology
45
what is Knock-in
introduces a modified gene to examine its role in an organism
46
major goals of genomics to phenome
-reconstructing evolutionary paths -studying gene families -functional gene testing
47
origins of muscle is an example of what type of evolution
convergent
48
all animals share homologous genes for contractile proteins like ____ and ____
actin and myosin
49
phospholipids have a ____ head and ____ tails
hydrophillic heads and hydrophobic tails
50
what does cholesterol do to membranes
it is like a fluidity buffer in cold temperatures makes it more fluid and in hot temps makes it less fluid
51
what is the solubility coefficient
measures how much solute dissolves in a solvent
52
osmolarity versus tonicity
osmolarity-total solute concentration of a solution tonicity- effect of solution on cell volume
53
what are aquaporins
channels that allow rapid water movement
54
primary active transport versus secondary
primary- directly uses ATP to move molecules secondary- uses the electrochemical gradient created by primary active
55
do unsaturated or saturated hydrocarbon tails increase fluidity
unsaturated
56
direct intracellular communication
gap junctions, transient linkup, tunneling nanotubes
57
indirect cellular communication via
chemical messengers
58
examples of chemical messengers in indirect cellular communication
hormones, paracrines, autocrines, neurotransmitters, pheromones
59
what are paracrines and autocrines
act on neighboring or self cells- release chemical messengers
60
what are transmembrane receptors
bind hydrophillic ligands at cell surface
61
what are intracellular receptors
bind lipophilic ligands inside the cell (steroid hormones)
62
what are ligand-gated ion channels
open in response to chemical binding
63
what are enzyme linked receptors
activate intracellular signaling cascades (tyrosine)
64
what are G protein-coupled receptors
activate second messenger pathways
65
what are receptor antagonists
block or prevent other molecules - prevents muscle contraction
66
what are receptor toxins
modify or inhibit biological processes
67
what would a-conotoxin do
block nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, toxin
68
what does tetrodotoxin do
blocks voltage gated na+ channels, preventing nerve impulses- paralytic, toxin
69
explain the key steps where an extracellular signal leads to an intracellular response
1. ligand binds receptor 2. receptor activates intracellular molecules 3. amplification via second messengers 4. cellular response
70
what are common second messengers
cAMP, Ca2+ ions, DAG and IP3
71
what do second messengers do
amplify signals, enabling fast and efficient cellular responses
72
if a solution only contains penetrating solutes it is initially ____ but then becomes ____-
hypertonic, isotonic
73
what creates a concentration gradient
difference in concentration between one side of the membrane and the other
74
what is an electrochemical gradient
a concentration gradient and a electrical gradient

physiology (5 decks)

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