exam1 Flashcards
(25 cards)
What are the major domains of life?
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes include organisms with complex cells that have a nucleus.
Under which domain do animals fall?
Eukaryotes, specifically within Opisthokonta.
Opisthokonta also includes fungi and choanoflagellates.
What are the defining characteristics of animals?
- Multicellularity
- Heterotrophy
- Motility
Animals lack cell walls and have an extensive extracellular matrix.
What does the term ‘monophyletic group’ refer to in relation to animals?
All animals share a single common ancestor.
Which animal lineage is indicated as the most basal?
Sponges (Phylum Porifera).
Who are considered the closest living relatives of animals?
Choanoflagellates.
List the major groupings under the Animal Kingdom.
- Porifera (sponges)
- Ctenophora (comb jellies)
- Cnidaria
- Bilateria
Bilateria further divides into Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, and Deuterostomes.
What are the four ‘Omics’ approaches in physiology?
- Genomics
- Transcriptomics
- Proteomics
- Metabolomics
Each approach focuses on different aspects of biological study, such as genes, RNA, proteins, and metabolites.
Fill in the blank: The study of an organism’s complete genome is called _______.
Genomics.
What proteins are foundational across all animals?
- Actin
- Myosin
What is the evolutionary significance of contractile proteins in muscle differentiation?
They evolved independently of true mesodermal muscle cells but serve similar functions through convergent evolution.
What is the chain of causation in animal physiology?
Genomic to Phenomic Mapping (G2P).
True or False: Animals can obtain carbon compounds through photosynthesis.
False.
What is the progression of development from simple to complex forms in animals?
- Sponges
- Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)
- Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Corals, Sea Anemones)
This shows the evolutionary pathway leading to more complex structures.
What are the key aspects of functional genomics?
- Exploring gene functionalities
- Regulation mechanisms
- Interactions with the environment.
Fill in the blank: The study of unique chemical fingerprints left by cellular processes is known as _______.
Metabolomics.
what is the comparitive method
identifies adaptive traits by comparing how a particular function is carried out by related and unrelated species in similar and dissimilar environments
acute changes
short term changes- reversible
chronic changes
long term changes- reversible
evolutionary changes
alters gene frequency- non reversible
what are the changes in physiology that are internally programmed to occur whether or not the external environment changes?
-developmental changes
-periodic
what are developmental changes
occur in a programmed way as the animals occur from conception to adulthood
what are periodic changes
under control of animals biological clock
what are emergent properties
interaction of the component parts of the system
