Exam 1 Review

Question 1

Cellular respiration is a _________ reaction in which glucose is converted to carbon dioxide and water with some of the energy captured as ATP

Answer 1

Catabolic

Question 2

The majority of lipids in the body of mammals exist in this form

Answer 2

Triglycerides

Question 3

The First Law of Thermodynamics (AKA Law of Conservation of Mass) as it relates to digestive processes, states that

Answer 3

• Total energy remains constant , but changes form as it moves down the digestive tract
• Energy is neither created nor destroyed

Question 4

Indispensable nutrient

Answer 4

Must be included in the diet; cannot be synthesized by the animal; is essential

Question 5

Organelles present only in plant cells

Answer 5

chloroplasts, cell walls, central vacuole

Question 6

the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree C

Answer 6

calorie

Question 7

Energy expended in a fasting animal:

Answer 7

• is represented by heat production
• is measured in a respiration chamber
• reflects use of nutrients from breakdown of body tissues

Question 8

Maintenance energy is the amount of energy that is

Answer 8

needed for vital body functions at rest

Question 9

is the basal metabolic rate higher for a mouse or an elephant? why?

Answer 9

mouse; because the mouse has a larger surface area to volume ratio per g of tissue, they lose more heat too.

Question 10

glucose is an example of a _____ and fructose is an example of a _______

Answer 10

aldose; ketose

Question 11

lactose, sucrose and maltose are all

Answer 11

disaccharides

Question 12

A non-structural carbohydrate with linear alpha 1,4 linkages

Answer 12

amylose

Question 13

A structural carbohydrate with linear beta 1,4 linkages

Answer 13

cellulose

Question 14

The initial step in the process of cellular respiration in animals is

Answer 14

glycolysis

Question 15

In cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor is

Answer 15

oxygen

Question 16

Main sequence of events during glycolysis

Answer 16

Glucose -> Pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA -> TCA cycle

Question 17

The supply of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors

Answer 17

gluconeogenesis

Question 18

In anaerobic fermentation

Answer 18

• O is limited or absent
• the final electron acceptors are reduced end products
• amount of ATP produced is less compared with aerobic respiration

Question 19

The primary source of energy for ruminants is

Answer 19

short chain fatty acids

Question 20

Ruminants get the majority of their metabolizable protein from

Answer 20

microbes

Question 21

during the digestion of food, what process results in release of energy and heat (is exergonic)

Answer 21

catabolism

Question 22

What is the source of 6 carbon sugars

Answer 22

the assimilation of water and CO2 in plants

Question 23

Esterification of fatty acids is possible because of the presence of

Answer 23

the carboxyl group

Question 24

This person is known for establishing the chemical basis of nutrition in a respiration experiment

Answer 24

Antoine Lavoisier

Question 25

Nutrient commonly found in the smallest amount in diets; an inorganic nutrient

Answer 25

minerals

Question 26

The main form of storage carbohydrate in plants is

Answer 26

starch

Question 27

The amount of energy expressed in calories that an animal needs to keep the body functioning at rest

Answer 27

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Question 28

When comparing/contrasting feed ingredients it is recommended to do it on a ____basis.

Answer 28

Dry matter

Question 29

A feed has a crude protein content of 4% on an as fed basis. If the dry matter content of that feed is 20% what is the crude protein content on a dry matter basis?

Answer 29

20% (divide AF by DM content, so 4/20= 0.2 x 100%= 20%)

Question 30

During absorptive period, glucose would be actively absorbed into blood from the

Answer 30

gut

Question 31

During post-absorptive period, glucose enters blood from

Answer 31

- glycogen breakdown in the liver - glycerol from adipose tissue - gluconeogenesis using amino acids

Question 32

Problems with excess nutrients

Answer 32

``` excess waste products impact the environment feed cost (70% of animal production costs) ```

Question 33

Interconversion of nutrients to supply energy

Answer 33

metabolism

Question 34

assimilation of new chemicals for structure and function; uses energy; endergonic reaction

Answer 34

anabolism

Question 35

What factors might affect nutrient use by animals

Answer 35

intake, gut environment, digestion and absorption

Question 36

Glycolysis has two stages, an energy requiring stage and an energy releasing stage. During the energy requiring stage, glucose is converted to this important 3 carbon compound:

Answer 36

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Question 37

The two main hormones regulating blood glucose homeostasis are:

Answer 37

Insulin and Glucagon

Question 38

An enlarged liver due to hyperglycemia is called:

Answer 38

hepatomegaly

Question 39

Under normal conditions insulin facilitates glucose uptake in this tissue:

Answer 39

liver, muscle and heart

Question 40

During the energy releasing phase of glycolysis, besides ATP and pyruvate, what other compounds are formed that eventually are also a source of energy?

Answer 40

hydrogen or reducing equivalents

Question 41

Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides join together via a glycosidic bond by this reaction:

Answer 41

dehydration

Question 42

During the post-absorptive state:

Answer 42

catabolic conversion of glycogen and triglyceride is the major source of energy

Question 43

During intestinal digestion this reaction results in the splitting of a disaccharide:

Answer 43

hydrolysis

Question 44

This protein molecule facilitates insulin to transport glucose inside cells:

Answer 44

Glut 4

Question 45

An abnormally great thirst as a symptom of disease is referred to as:

Answer 45

polydipsia

Question 46

These metabolites are present in blood at various levels and serve as alternative energy source when glucose is in low supply

Answer 46

ketone bodies

Question 47

These molecules undergo beta oxidation and enter TCA cycle or they can be converted to ketone bodies:

Answer 47

fatty acids

Question 48

An animal weighs 102 kg and requires 2000 kcal per day. What are the kcal requirements for this animal on a metabolic BW (BW^0.75) basis ?

Answer 48

62.3 kcal/kg BW^0.75

Question 49

The TCA cylce generates some ATP and additional reducing equivalents. Which pathway in the mitochondria utilizes all of the reducing equivalents to generate more ATP?

Answer 49

electron transport chain

Question 50

Hyperglycemia is a complication that can result in:

Answer 50

anorexia, hepatomegaly, polyuria, ketonuria

Question 51

The final 3-carbon compound formed in the cytosol during the energy releasing phase of glycolysis is:

Answer 51

pyruvate

Question 52

The breakdown of glycogen to glucose is called:

Answer 52

glycogenolysis or glucogenesis

Question 53

This sugar is found in large amounts in the semen of males and fetal fluids of ungulates (cattle, sheep, and pigs):

Answer 53

fructose

Question 54

This hormone moves glucose into cells thereby lowering concentration of glucose in blood:

Answer 54

insulin

Question 55

The absorptive state is characterized by:

Answer 55

hyperglycemia and lipemia | storage of excess glucose as glycogen and triglycerides