Exam 2 Review

Question 1

Process of glucose metabolism in ruminants

Answer 1

feed nutrients are converted into short-chained fatty acids through microbial fermentation, then the SCFA in the rumen are absorbed into blood circulation

Question 2

Process of glucose metabolism in non-ruminants

Answer 2

feed nutrients are converted into glucose through digestive enzymes; the glucose in the small intestines absorbs into blood circulation

Question 3

An important buffer

Answer 3

saliva (breaks down food and controls pH)

Question 4

Why do the microbes in ruminants need an anaerobic environment?

Answer 4

Too much oxygen kills microbes

Question 5

How is the symbiotic relationship between ruminants and their microbes mutualism?

Answer 5

Ruminants provide housing and feed (cellulose) while the microbes provide SCFA and protein (through being digested)

Question 6

Major source of metabolizable energy

Answer 6

SCFA

Question 7

Major source of metabolizable protein

Answer 7

microbes

Question 8

important SCFA

Answer 8

acetic acid (2C); propionic acid (3C); butyric acid (4C); when H on COOH is gone they become: acetate, propionate and butyrate

Question 9

When pH is low there is primarily _______ and the absorption rate is much higher.

Answer 9

acetic acid (has OH group)

Question 10

When pH is high there is primarily _______ and the absorption rate is much lower

Answer 10

acetate (has O-)

Question 11

Two primary lipogenic fatty acids

Answer 11

acetate and butyrate

Question 12

What is propionate?

Answer 12

gluconeogenic

Question 13

Is increased propionate a good thing or a bad thing? why?

Answer 13

Good thing; propionate is a major glucose source

Question 14

What is the relationship between the amount of grain in a diet and pH?

Answer 14

Increased grain decreases pH due to the increased amount of fermentation (grain contains fermentable starch)

Question 15

Milk fat and acetyl coA come from

Answer 15

acetate

Question 16

Propionate goes to

Answer 16

the liver and then converts to glucose

Question 17

Beta hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA- a ketone body) comes from

Answer 17

butyrate

Question 18

Why are high starch/high grain diets susceptible to rumen acidosis

Answer 18

rapid fermentation leads to decreased pH in rumen. After a pH of 6 or lower, lactic acid production occurs then leading to disruption in rumen function

Question 19

Causes most damage economically to the animal industry; pH is about 5.5; decreased intake, gain, and feed efficiency; difficult to observe

Answer 19

Subclinical rumen acidosis

Question 20

pH is less than 5; increased lactic acid, damage to papillae; microbial death and release of endotoxins; observable

Answer 20

Clinical rumen acidosis

Question 21

Glycolipids, phospholipids, sphingolipids, and lipoproteins are all

Answer 21

compound lipids

Question 22

Dietary component with the slowest rate of digestion in the rumen

Answer 22

cellulose

Question 23

Dietary lipids exist primarily in this form

Answer 23

Triacylglyerides

Question 24

Triglycerides are made from these two molecules

Answer 24

fatty acids and glycerol

Question 25

Which of the following lipids were discovered in brain extracts and named after the mythological sphinx:

Answer 25

sphingolipids

Question 26

Fatty acids are highly reduced, which means they have a high concentration of:

Answer 26

Hydrogens

Question 27

Make up the largest fraction (98%) of lipids in animal feeds

Answer 27

simple lipids (fats and oils)

Question 28

esters of glycerol with a CHO; serve as markers for cell recognition and as an energy source

Answer 28

glycolipids

Question 29

linked with proteins; synthesized in small intestine and liver; HDL (good) and LDL

Answer 29

lipoproteins

Question 30

Have higher melting points; pack tightly; have no double bonds

Answer 30

saturated fats

Question 31

Bend and pack in a less ordered way with greater potential for motion; have one or more double bonds

Answer 31

unsaturated fats

Question 32

2 indispensable essential fatty acids. 18:2 and 18:3

Answer 32

Linoleic (18:2; omega 6) and alpha-Lionolenic(18:3; omega 3)

Question 33

Name 3 ketone bodies

Answer 33

Acetone Acetoacetic acid Beta-hydroxybutyric acid

Question 34

Ketone bodies can be used as a source of energy during excess beta oxidation of fatty acids T/F

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Beta-oxidation of fatty acids results in the generation of acetyl CoA. What is the fate of the acetyl CoA molecule?

Answer 35

It can enter the TCA cycle and it can be converted to ketone bodies in the liver

Question 36

_____ are responsible for delivering cholesterol to the cells whereas _____ carry cholesterol away from cells and return it to the liver

Answer 36

LDL; HDL

Question 37

These lipids are critical for transporting hydrophobic molecules in the body

Answer 37

Lipoproteins

Question 38

The process by which chylomicrons are transported into the lymphatic system

Answer 38

Exocytosis

Question 39

Dietary linoleic acid is converted by rumen microbes into intermediary FA isomers that are collectively called

Answer 39

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)

Question 40

Omega 3 fatty acid

Answer 40

Linolenic

Question 41

In ruminants, unsaturated fatty acids are predominantly

Answer 41

Biohydrogenated

Question 42

Protein quality refers to

Answer 42

amino acid composition and digestibility

Question 43

A common intermediary formed dring the breakdown of protein and is toxic to animals

Answer 43

Ammonia

Question 44

A good source of dietary non-protein nitrogen is

Answer 44

urea

Question 45

Arginine and taurine are required by

Answer 45

cats

Question 46

These lipids are present in high concentrations in forages

Answer 46

Galactolipids and Glycolipids

Question 47

In aqueous solutions, amino acids exist as dipolar ions also known as

Answer 47

zwitter ions

Question 48

an essential amino acid that is available in the lowest concentration in relation to the body’s needs

Answer 48

limiting amino acid