Exam 3 Flashcards by Deanna Emanuel

Property of water that makes it possible for transporting nutrients

Water being an excellent solvent

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Property of water that helps regulate temperature in the environments(*heat=end product of cell metabolism)

Water having a high heat capacity

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Property of water that animals use to cool off; sweat absorbs excess body heat which is released in the atmosphere in evaporative cooling

Water’s high heat of vaporization

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Responsible for surface tension

Cohesive water property

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Allows water to stick to substances other than itself

Adhesive property of water

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H20 content in a fat-free body

72-75%

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Pore-mediated flow, rapid, temperature insensitive

Water flowing between aquaporins/ through aquaporin channels

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Liquid diffusion, slow, temperature sensitive

Water moving through lipid bilayer

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What % of milk is water?

80%

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Which requires more daily water intake, a lactating animal or a maintenance animal?

Lactating. Milk production results in more water loss

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3 sources of water for animals

Drinking water, feed water, metabolic water

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Forage with the highest water content

Pasture

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Greatest amount of H2O release during metabolism

Fat

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Animal that stays hydrated by its skin, which pulls water away from moist grains against gravity to its mouth

Thorny Devil (lizard)

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Most water loss is from (why?)

Urine (75-85% total loss) in order to reduce/remove ammonia waste product from metabolism that’s toxic to the animal

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Loss of water through skin and lungs

Sweating and respiration; insensible perspiration

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Is undigestable feed higher in ruminants or monogastrics?

Ruminants; because they consume forages with higher cell wall content

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How long is water turnover in ruminants? Non ruminants ?

In ruminants: 7 days (more capacity)

Non-ruminants have more rapid turnover since they have less water in the GIT

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Can go 6-7 months without water; tolerate 30% of body water loss; has elliptical blood cells; low urine output; low fecal water content; temp range 93 to 105 F; consume 30 gallons of water in 13 minutes

Camels

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Constant body temp except periods when temp can vary (hibernation, torpor)

Heterothermy (ex. Camels)

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What % of water is intracellular inside the body?

50%

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What % of water is extracellular in the body?

20%

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What % of water is interstitial (extracellular, around the cell)

15%

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What % of water is in plasma (extracellular, intravascular)

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Where is water absorption mainly occuring?

Small intestine and large intestine

Feces accounts for what % of water loss?

55-65% (not as high as urination)

Increased levels of what will result in greater water loss? (3 things)

1. An increase in glucose, ketones, and urea (increased loss via urination) 2. Higher ambient temperatures 3. Fecal loss increases with undigested feed (undigested feeds require more h2o)

How does protein affect water loss

Excess protein results in excess ammonia and therefore more urination (more water to dilute urea)

How is water loss related to body size?

Positively (large animals have more water loss than smaller animals)

What is a metabolic source of water in camels?

Brown fat located in the hump(s)

pH is a log function of the hydrogen ion concentration. This means that:

pH and hydrogen ion concentration have a non-linear relationship

pH that works best for cells and enzymes

7.4

stops pH from rising or falling too quickly

buffer

constantly produced by cells during normal metabolism

CO2 and H+

Excess CO2 (what's done with it?)

is blown off by lungs

Excess HCO3 (bicarbonate- a common buffer)

is excreted by the kidneys

Function as an acid or base

amphoteric

A high free hydrogen ion concentration is beneficial for:

initiating protein digestion in the stomach

How do microbes remove H+ ions?

By making methane which keeps pH from dropping too low

A deficiency of this vitamin results in polioencephalomalacia in ruminants:

Thiamine (Vitamin B1)

A deficiency of this vitamin results in scurvy/sailor's disease

absorbic acid (Vitamin C)

A deficiency of this vitamin results in rickets

Vitamin D

The active form of vitamin D is:

1,25-hydroxycholecalciferol

The most abundant bufferring system in animals is:

H2CO3 + HCO3

This unit expresses vitamin requirement as related to the biological activity of the parent compound:

decreases with a decrease in environmental temperature increases with an increase in the undigestible fraction in the diet decreases with a decrease in concentration of ketones, glucose and urea

Water loss in animals (all true; water loss does not decrease with a decrease in animal body weight)

best describes the physiological pH:

pH = -log10 (40 x 10-9) = 7.4

Vitamins that can be synthesized by animals (2)

niacin and Vitamin D

Are vitamins dispensable or indispensable in ruminants? non-ruminants?

dispensable in ruminants (microbes produce vitamins) and indispensable in non-ruminants

Concentrated feeds mostly have what vitamins?

B vitamins

Forage with the most vitamin content

fresh grass

Require a chemical change to function as vitamins

provitamins (ex. carotenes and vit A)

2 ketogenic amino acids

Lysine and Leucine

What thermodynamics principle links energy to mass?

Theory of relativity

The inefficiency of energy use by animal cells is attributed primarily to:

production of heat during digestion and metabolism

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulate the concentration of this mineral:

Calcium

Subtracting fecal energy content from feed energy provides an estimate of:

digestible energy (DE)

Which of the following animal will have a larger HI (Heat Increment)? rat, cat, cow, dog or pig?

cow (largest animal and a pre and post-gastric fermenter)

Which vitamin is also a hormone and required for absorption of Ca from the gut?

Vitamin D (produced in kidneys)

Dietary amino acids undergo several metabolic reactions that include:

transamination, gluconeogenesis, and urea synthesis

What is the significance of protein turnover?

It is a major determinant of BW gain in animals It is required for production of rapidly growing cells It plays an important role in adaptation to fasting and infections

What is/are the source(s) of heat increment?

nutrient digestion and fermentation in the gut, waste product formation, and nutrient metabolism in cells and tissues of the body

Indirect calorimetry:

measures heat production as a function of O2 and CO2 (accounts for respiration unlike direct calorimetry)

Direct calorimetry:

estimates total heat directly produced from an animal housed inside a calorimeter and can measure the amount of heat that's transferred to water

Where do cats get their vitamin A from?

from their meat they consume (indispensable vitamin); they also do not make vit D so that's included in diet, but they can form cholesterol from consumed vit D

Mineral needed in small amounts and spread evenly to avoid toxicity

Selenium

99% stored in bones, 2:1 ratio with P, controls nerve and muscle excitability, aids in blood coagulation

Calcium

Hypocalcemia is

milk fever; nutritional disorder due to low calcium levels; can be fatal

Protect cells from damage from oxidation and examples of these

Antioxidants; vit E, vit C, Beta-Carotene, vit A, Selenium

What is gross energy measured in?

bomb calorimeters

Subtracting urine energy and gaseous energy from GE

Metabolizable energy

Accounting for heat increment loss from GE

Net energy

An animal that's pregnant likely has (relating to N intake)

Positive N balance state ( N intake is greater than excretion of N)

An animal that's stressed out or sick likely has (relating to N intake)

Negative N balance state (N intake is less than excretion)

When N intake is about the same as excretion, there is a

Zero N balance State

AA production accounts for how much energy production (in %)

10-15% (this is why you don't increase protein to meet energy requirements)

What happens to excess protein content?

it goes towards the energy cycle

How do you calculate biological value (BV)?

[Nitrogen intake(NI)-(Fecal N(FN)-Metabolic Fecal N(MFN) ) - (Urinary N(UN) - Endogenous UN)] divided by [NI - (FN-MFN)] X 100

How do you calculate Net Protein Value (NPV)?

[NI - (FN - MFN) - (UN - EUN)] divided by NI X 100 (same as equation for BV except divisor is NI instead of NI - (FN-MFN)

Least refractory material

animal feed

high refractory material

herbage (has high cell wall content)

Animals that consume low cell wall diets are likely to have

small stomachs

Animals that contain high cell wall content are likely to have

larger stomachs

Example of an animal that's a foregut fermenter (aside from cattle and other ruminants)

Colobus monkey

Bird with fermentation in the gut similar to a cow

Hoatzin

Gastric capacity is greatest in

pre-gastric fermenters

Enzyme present in the saliva of omnivores and carnivores

amylase

Enzyme present in the saliva of a nursing animal

lipase

Allows food to enter the stomach; humans lack a true one

sphincter

3 secretory cell types

mucus-secreting, Parietal cells(secrete HCl and intrinsic factor), Chief cells (secrete pepsinogen)

Necessary for B12 absorption

Intrinsic Factor (IF)

An easy estimate of protein quality and measured by recording body weight gain and dividing by the amount of protein consumed

Protein efficiency ratio (PER)

T/F all animals have some degree of microbial fermentation in their GI tracts

True

Measure of efficiency of absorbed protein to synthesize body protein. Fraction of absorbed N in body for maintenance and growth. One measure of protein quality and is calculated as % of N absorbed

Biological value

Expressed as a fraction of total N retained in the body

Net protein Utilization/Value

An animal consumes 22g of total N. Fecal and urinary N are 1.5g and 2.0g, respectively. How much N was absorbed?

20.5 | You get N absorbed by subtracting fecal N from total N (22-1.5= 20.5); urinary N is negligible here

An animal consumes 22g of total N. Fecal and urinary N are 1.5g and 2.0g respectively. How much N was retained?

18.5 | N retained is found by subtract urinary and fecal N from total N (22-1.5-2=18.5)

How can some animals with hindsight fermentation benefit from microbial fermentation products?

Coprophagy

In horses, this band of tissue separated the nom-glandular from the glandular region in the stomach

Margo plicatus

To measure N balance in animals one must determine (4 things)

Total urinary N Total fecal N Endogenous urinary N Metabolic N

What factors are important to determine protein quality of a feed

Amino acid composition, digestibility, and bioavailability

Which region of the gastrointestinal tract shows the least amount of variation across animal species

Small intestine

Amylase is absent in (animal group)

Carnivores (etc. Dogs and cats)

Salivary enzyme present in nursing animals

Lipase