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Pharmacology > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

five components of the nursing process

A
  1. assessment
  2. nursing diagnosis
  3. planning
  4. implementation
  5. evaluation
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2
Q

rights related to safe medication

A

right patient
right drug
right dose
right form/route
right time
right indication
right documentation
right response
right to refuse

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3
Q

pharmaceutics

A

preparing and dispensing drugs

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4
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion from the body

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5
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

effects of drug on the body

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6
Q

four aspects of pharmacokinetics

A

absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

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7
Q

difference between OTC, herbals, and dietary supplements

A

OTC - drugs that you can get w/o rx

herbals - products made from herbs

dietary supplements - product to supplement diet

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8
Q

methods of medication administration

A

eneteral, parenteral, and topical

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9
Q

compliance

A

implementation or fulfillment of prescriber’s prescribed course of treatment or therapeutic plan

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10
Q

medication error

A

any preventable adverse drug event involving inappropriate medication use by a pt or health care professional; may or may not cause pt harm

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11
Q

noncompliance

A

informed decision on the part of the pt to not adhere to or follow a therapeutic plan or suggestion

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12
Q

nursing process outcomes

A

objective, realistic, and measurable pt centered statements with time frames

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13
Q

agonist

A

drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body

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14
Q

antagonist

A

binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body

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15
Q

chemical name

A

chemical composition of the drug

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16
Q

contraindication

A

any condition which renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable

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17
Q

drug classification

A

method of grouping drugs

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18
Q

generic vs trade name

A

generic is the nonproprietary name and trade is the proprietary name

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19
Q

medication error

A

preventable adverse drug event involving inappropriate medication use by a pt or healthcare professional

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20
Q

peak level

A

max concentration of drug in the body after administration

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21
Q

receptor

A

molecular substance on the cell that bind specific substances

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22
Q

therapeutic drug monitoring

A

monitoring drug levels to identify pt’s drug exposure and to allow dosage adjustments for maximum therapeutic effects

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23
Q

trough level

A

lowest concentration of a drug in the body after its peak

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24
Q

neonate classification (age range)

A

younger than 1 month of age

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25
Q

older adult classification (age range)

A

65+

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26
Q

pediatric classification (age range)

A

children 12 and under

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27
Q

black box warning

A

warning required by FDA to alert prescribers of serious adverse events seen with a given drug

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28
Q

controlled substance (categories)

A

C-I through C-V

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29
Q

Ethics

A

rules of conduct

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30
Q

HIPAA

A

protects health insurance coverage for workers, protects confidential pt information

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31
Q

Informed consent

A

written permission obtained from a pt consenting to a specific procedure

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32
Q

Narcotics

A

medically administered controlled substance (opioid)

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33
Q

OTC

A

drugs available to consumers w/o a prescription

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34
Q

Placebo

A

inactive substance that is not a drug but resembles one for research purposes

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35
Q

Adverse drug event

A

undesirable occurrence related to administration of or failure to administer a prescribed medication

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36
Q

Adverse drug reaction

A

unexpected, unintended, or excessive responses to medications given at therapeutic dosages

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37
Q

Idiosyncratic reaction

A

abnormal or unexpected response to a medication that is not an allergic reaction and is peculiar to an individual pt

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38
Q

Medical errors

A

any errors in pt care that cause or have the potential to cause harm

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39
Q

Medication errors

A

preventable adverse drug event

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40
Q

Medication reconciliation

A

procedure to maintain an accurate and up-to-date list of medications for all patients between all phases of health care discovery

41
Q

Affective domain

A

learning that modifies feelings, beliefs, values, and opinions; feeling domain

42
Q

Cognitive domain

A

learning and storing of basic knowledge; thinking domain

43
Q

Psychomotor domain

A

learning of a new procedure or sill; the doing domain

44
Q

Complementary medicine

A

alternative medicine when used simultaneously w/ western medicine

45
Q

Dietary supplement

A

product that contains an ingredient intended to supplement the diet

46
Q

Herbal medicine

A

using herbs to heal

47
Q

Herb

A

plant components like bark, roots, leaves, etc.

48
Q

enteral

A

oral medications and suppositories

49
Q

paraenteral

A

injectables; any administration other than GI

50
Q

diseases and conditions that decrease metabolism

A

cardiovascular dysfunction, renal insufficiency, starvation, obstructive jaundice, and slow acetylator

51
Q

conditions that increase metabolism

A

fast acetylator

52
Q

drugs that increase metabolism

A

barbiturates, rifampin and phenytoin (P-450 inducers)

53
Q

drugs that decrease metabolism

A

ketoconazole (P-450 inhibitor)

54
Q

effect of eating leafy green vegetables

A

decreased anticoagulant effect from warfarin

55
Q

effect of eating dairy

A

chemical binding of the drug leading to decreased effect and treatment failures

tetracycline, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin (antibiotics)

56
Q

effect of grapefruit juice

A

decreased metabolism leading to increased effects

amiodarone (antidysrhythmic), bus-irons (anti anxiety), carbamazepine (anti seizure), cyclosporine, tacrolimus (immunosuppressants), felodipine, nifedipine, nimodipin (calcium channel blockers), simvastatin, and atorvastatin (anti cholesterol drugs)

57
Q

effects of aged cheese & wine

A

induces hypertensive crisis / monoamine oxidase inhibitors

58
Q

premature infant

A

younger than 38 weeks of gestation

59
Q

infant

A

1 month to 1 years old

60
Q

Category A drug

A

studies indicate no risk to human fetus

61
Q

Category B drug

A

studies indicate no risk to ANIMAL fetus

62
Q

Category C drug

A

adverse effects reported in ANIMAL fetus

63
Q

Category D drug

A

possible human fetus risk has been reported but potential benefit may warrant use in pregnant women

64
Q

Category X drug

A

confirmed fetal risk & not to be used in pregnant women

65
Q

Absorption differences in neonate & pediatric patients

A

-lower gastric pH until 1-2 years of age
-slowed gastric emptying b/c of slow or irregular peristalsis
-first-pass elimination is reduced b/c of immature liver and reduced microsomal enzymes
-intramuscular absorption is faster and irregular

66
Q

Distribution differences in neonate & pediatric patiens

A

-higher body water content 70-80% in full-term infants, 85% in preme’s, and 64% in children 1-12
-lower fat content b/c higher water content
-decreased protein binding b/c of immature liver (less protein production)
-immature blood-brain barrier increases brain absorption

67
Q

Metabolism differences in neonate & pediatric patiens

A

-decreased microsomal enzymes b/c immature liver
-older children may have increased metabolism and require higher dosages

68
Q

Excretion differences in neonate & pediatric patiens

A

-kidney immaturity causes glomerular filtration rate and tubular secretion and resorption decreased
-perfusion to kidney may be decreased, resulting in reduced renal function, concentrating ability, and excretion of drugs

69
Q

physiologic changes in adult patients (cardiovascular)

A

lower cardiac output = lower absorption and distribution

lower blood flow = lower absorption and distribution

70
Q

physiologic changes in adult patients (GI)

A

increased pH = altered absorption

decreased peristalsis = delayed gastric emptying

71
Q

physiologic changes in adult patients (hepatic/liver)

A

lower enzyme production = lower metabolism

lower blood flow = lowered metabolism

72
Q

physiologic changes in adult patients (renal/kidney)

A

lower blood flow = lower excretion

lower function = lower excretion

lower glomerular filtration rate = lower excretion

73
Q

pediatric dosage considerations for calculations

A

body surface area measured, always use weight in kilograms, always use cm not inches, use mg/kg for dosage calculations

74
Q

BBW Class I

A

most serious recall when a product can cause serious adverse effects or death

75
Q

BBW Class II

A

less severe recall that may result in temporary or medically reversible health effects

76
Q

BBW Class III

A

least severe recall not likely to cause significant health problems

77
Q

American Nurse Association

A

institutional policies and procedures; state and federal hospital licensing

78
Q

Nursing ethics

A

autonomy, beneficence, confidentiality, justice, nonmaleficence, and veracity

79
Q

autonomy

A

ability to act on one’s own; promoting pt’s decision making and supporting informed consent

80
Q

beneficence

A

actively promoting good; nursing actions that determine how a pt is best served

81
Q

justice

A

being fair or equal in one’s actions; nursing actions that ensure fairness in distributing resources for the care of patients and determining when to treat

82
Q

nonmaleficence

A

do no harm

83
Q

veracity

A

duty to tell the truth (placebos, investigational new drugs, and informed consent)

84
Q

elements of liability in nursing

A

duty, breach of duty, causation, damage

85
Q

duty

A

nurse is responsible for assessment, monitoring, and reporting of pt’s condition

86
Q

breach of duty

A

nurse fails to follow their duty

87
Q

causation

A

nurse fails to notice adverse effects that lead to pt harm

88
Q

damage

A

the damage that results from a nurses breach of duty

89
Q

C-I

A

high abuse potential, no medical use, and severe dependance, only dispensed with approved protocol

heroin, LSD, acid, etc.

90
Q

C-II

A

high abuse potential, accepted medical use, severe dependency potential

only written rx & no refills, label warning

codeine, pentobarbital, morphine, cocaine, and stimulants

91
Q

C-III

A

less abuse potential than II, accepted medical use, moderate dependance potential

written or oral rx, expires in 6 mo. w/ no more than 5 refills, label warning

C-II painkillers combined w other products

92
Q

C-IV

A

less abuse potential than C-III, accepted medical use, limited dependance potential

same dispensing restrictions as C-III

phenobarbital, benzodiazepines, tramadol, etc.

93
Q

C-V

A

less than C-IV, accepted medical use, limited dependance potential

written rx or otc

meds for cough, diarrhea, certain opioids, etc.

94
Q

drugs commonly involved in severe medication errors

A

CNS drugs, anticoagulants, insulin, and chemotherapeutic drugs

95
Q

errors can occur during…

A

any step of medication process

procuring, prescribing, transcribing, dispensing, administering, and monitoring

96
Q

when a nurse is administering a drug, they must…

A

always check the medication order 3 times before giving the drug

97
Q

how to handle verbal or telephone rx order?

A

repeat order to prescriber, spell drug name around, speak slowly and clearly, and list indication next to each order

98
Q
A

Pharmacology (20 decks)

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