Exam 1 Review Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
Natural selection
A
offspring from certain phenotype has higher fitness
2
Q
Types of natural selection (4)
A
- Directional
- Stabilizing
- Disruptive
- Balanced
3
Q
Convergent
A
phenotype evolves from different ancestors, may have similar traits
4
Q
Divergent
A
phenotypes evolve in diverse directions from common ancestor
5
Q
Phylogenetic trees
A
each branch represents a new species from one main ancestor
6
Q
3 main species concepts
A
Biological
Morphospecies
Phylogenetic
7
Q
Biological concept
A
can interbreed to product off spring
8
Q
Morphospecies concept
A
uses differences in morphological characters to distinguish species
9
Q
Phylogenetic
A
have same genetic makeup
10
Q
Prezygotic
A
prohibits fertilization, phenotypes can’t breed because:
- temporal
- habitual
- behavioral
- mechanical
- gametal
11
Q
Postzygotic
A
fertilization may occur, but offspring will not survive or will be infertile
12
Q
Allopatry
A
separation of 2 different species, can’t breed
13
Q
Sympatry
A
species can interbreed
14
Q
Dispersal
A
group decides to move and colonize
15
Q
Vicariance
A
geological splitting of a habitat
16
Q
Possible outcomes of merging isolated populations
A
- don’t breed
- low, intermediate, or high fitness
- hybrid zones = interbreed but don’t disperse
17
Q
Absoption
A
- Roots = water and nutrients
- Leaves = light
18
Q
Vascular system
A
xylem and phloem
19
Q
Absorption and SA/V
A
increased SA/V = increased absorption
20
Q
Modified roots
A
- anchor
- storage
- pnuematophores
- prop
21
Q
Modified leaves
A
- tendril
- succulent
- aloe
22
Q
Modified stems
A
- thorns
- water storage
- rhizomes
23
Q
Phenotypic plasticity
A
a genotypes ability to change its phenotype
24
Q
Major cell structures
A
- chloroplasts
- vacuole
- plasmodesmata
- stomata
- guard cells
25
Chloroplasts
make and store chlorophyll
26
Vacuole
holds water, supports, majority of space in cell, responsible for turgor pressure
27
Plasmodesmata
gap in cell wall that allows for communication
28
Stomata
holes in leaves that open and close to perform gas exchange and transporation
29
Guard cells
open and close stomata depending on how much water they contain, more water = open
30
Plant changes on land
- less support (modified roots)
- seed dispersal (pollen vector/wind)
- drying out (close stomata)
- nutrients (mycorrhizae)
31
Transporation
evaporation of water from plant to atmosphere
32
Key characteristics of fungi
Fruiting body and hipae
33
Fungi role in ecosystem
decompose organisms and release NPK back into soil
34
Decomposers (saprophytes)
breakdown decaying organic matter, release enzyme, digest then ingest
35
Mutualists
colonizing plant roots and providing NP
36
Mycorrhizae
help increase plant's nutrient uptake and get sugar from it
37
Major structures of Fungi
- fruiting body (repro)
- mycelium (underground)
- hypae (make up everything)
- gills (spore dispersal)
38
Diffusion
movement of solutes from high to low
39
Osmosis
movement of water from high to low concentration
40
Water potential
potential energy decreased by solute additon
41
Factors that affect water potential
solute potential
| pressure potential
42
Turgor pressure
cell wall pushing against plasmamembrane when forces try to enter cell
43
How water move in plant and through
water potential gradient
| xylem moves water from roots to rest of the plant
44
Root structure
have channels to allow cations into root hairs
| root are negative
45
Cohesion-Tension theory
water is being pulled out of xylem from leaves up, must be replaced
46
Sugar movement
from source with high pressure to sink with low pressure
47
Ways to prevent water loss
- store food and carbon so can keep stomata closed in day
- close stomata
- modified stems that store water
- cuticle
48
Essential nutrients (3)
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
| cannot be produced
49
Mineral nutrients
macro
micro
cannot be produced
50
Limit nutrients
limited in nature
| NPK
51
Macro nutrients
needed in larger amounts, 1%
52
Micro nutrient
needed in small amounts, 0.01%, NPK
53
Mobile
move from old to young
54
Immobile
stay in old
55
Soil texture
- how fine rocks are broken down
| - help anchor, root permeability, and water retention
56
Cations
positive, interact with clay
57
Anions
negative, in root hairs, dissolve in water (leaching)
58
Cations enter roots by
channel
59
Anions enter root by
cotransporter
60
Nitrogen fixation
act of converting nitrogen from atmosphere into a form plants can use, legumes (rhyzobium)
61
Adaptions to plants
- parasitic
- epiphytic
- carnivorous
62
Parasitic plants
cause harm to host, pierce haustoria into xylem
63
Epiphytic plants
do not harm host, get nutrients from dust and rain
64
Carnivorous plants
rely on catching insects to get nutrients, photosynthesis for carbs
65
Pistol parts
- Stigma
- style
- ovary
- ovum
- egg
66
Stamen parts
- anther
| - filament
67
Alternation of generations
meiosis and fertilization alternate stages of the life cycle
68
Haploid
- either M or F
- half gene structure
- gametophyte
69
Diploid
- full gene material
| - sporophyte
70
Female haploid formation
```
diploid megasporocyte
divides by meiosis
megaspore
divides by mitosis
female haploid
```
71
Male haploid formation
```
diploid microsporocyte
divide by meiosis
microspore
divide by mitosis
male haploid
```
72
Fertilization
```
after pollen touches stigma
germination
pollen tube
reach ovule
2 sperm
```
73
Double fertilization
```
pollen reaches ovule
1 sperm fuse w/ egg
zygote
2nd w/ polar nuclei
endosperm
```
74
Types of fruit
simple (1F:1S)
aggregate (1:MS)
multiple (M: each ownS)
75
Seed germination
```
need water
O2 and protein go up
pause water
more cells form
mitochondria forms
continue water
cells enlarge from TP
```
76
5 stages of growth
- cotyledon = first 2 leaves
- hypocotyl = stem between root and cotyledon
- epicotyl = stem on top
77
Pollination importance
move pollen from male to stigma
78
Pollinator pressures
habitat loss
pesticides
other pollinators
79
Pollination sydromes
color, nectar guides, odor, nectar, pollen, shape
80
Generalist pollinator
visits many flowers, more fit
81
Specialist
for same family/gene flowers of only 1 species, less food
82
Self-pollination
pollen moves to stigma of same plant
83
Cross pollination
pollen must be moved to different plant, increases genetic diversity and population
84
Asexual
no pollination needed
85
Sexual
fertilization needed
