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Exam 2 review Flashcards

(134 cards)

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1
Q

Plant senses

A
  • collect information

- want to increase survival so adapt

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2
Q

Three steps process of plants determining environmental cues

A

1) sensory cells get signal and modify it
2) send signal to target cell
3) target cells receive info and respond

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3
Q

Signal receptor proteins

A
  • phototropins

- phytochromes

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4
Q

Signal hormones

A
  • auxin
  • florigen
  • expansin
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5
Q

Signal transduction

A
  • convert from one form to another
  • signal from outside must bind with phytochrome and be converted into a form the pant can use
  • not needed if signal is already inside
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6
Q

Phototropism

A

plant bending to light

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7
Q

Process of phototropism

A
  • expansin breaks cell wall

- auxin builds up of shaded side and swell

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8
Q

Phototropism receptors

A

phototropins

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9
Q

Wavelength that cause phototropism

A

blue light

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10
Q

Hormones in phototropism

A

auxin and expansin

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11
Q

Pigment involved in R/FR

A

phytochrome

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12
Q

Photoperiodism

A

length of days and the type of light the plant was last exposed to

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13
Q

Wave lengths of photoperiodism

A

red and far-red

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14
Q

Hormone of photoperiodism

A

florigen

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15
Q

Gravitropism

A

tells what direction to send the roots/shoots

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16
Q

Location of cells responsible for gravitropism

A

root tip

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17
Q

Type of cell for gravitropism

A

amyloplasts

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18
Q

Amyloplasts

A

move based on what way gravity is pulling them, increase in concentration = increased auxin

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19
Q

Hormone for gravitropism

A

auxin

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20
Q

Wind/touch response

A

mechanical, respond to environment to increase survival

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21
Q

Thigmotropism

A

slow, directional movement, trindles, use to climb

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22
Q

Thigmonastic movement

A

rapid, non-directional, electrical signals/aps that move through plants

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23
Q

Plant growth

A

continuous but not constant, based on nutrients

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24
Q

Aprical dominance

A

apical meristem will be main growth unless cut off then axillary bids will redirect growth to be full and thick

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25
Hormone for apical dominace
auxin
26
Additional growth hormones
- cytokinins - gibberillins - ABA - Ethylene
27
Cytokinins
cell growth
28
Gibberillins
stimulate plant growth
29
ABA
inhibit plant growth
30
Ethylene
related to plant aging, causes ripening, senescence, and abscission
31
Senescence
one part of plant dies
32
Abscission
auxin stops flowing and ethylene builds up, turn yellow and fall
33
Fruit ripening
starch converted into sugar by ethylene, softer, sweeter, more attractive
34
Physical defence
thorns, spin, cuticle
35
Chemical defence
toxins, hormones, secondary metabolic
36
Inducible defenses
intentional or caused response to protect itself
37
Ways that pathogens attack plants
- kill host cell and feed of cell debris | - feed on host nutrients
38
Hypersensitive responses
localized, immediate | - stomata close -> produce toxins -> reinforce neighbor cells -> apoptosis
39
Systemic Acquired Resistance
whole plant, after hypersensitive, creates resistance, primes cells in roots and shoots, expression of pathogen genes to limit the chance of infection again
40
Direct defense
plants directly doing defense (secreting oil)
41
Indirect defense
plants produce chemical that attracts predator that eats the parasite (parasitoid)
42
Anatomy
physical structure
43
Physiology
how physical structure functions
44
Adaptations
variation adaptation competition selection
45
Trade-offs for adaptation
energy is put into one factor which can cause both factors to suffer
46
Adaptation
long-term, genetic
47
Acclimatization
short-term, reversible, based on environmental factors
48
Major tissue types
- muscular - connective - nervous - epithelial
49
Types of Connective tissue
- loose - dense - supporting - fluid
50
Loose CT
- packing material for organs - allows expanding - fibrous proteins - has fibroblasts
51
Dense CT
- tightly packed - bones and muscles - connect tendons and ligaments - have fibroblasts
52
Supporting CT
- bones and cartilage - support and protect vertebrate - make skeletal system
53
Fluid CT
- blood | - cells surrounded by extra cellular matrix to keep shape
54
Types of muscle tissue
- skeletal - cardiac - smooth
55
Skeletal MT
- only voluntary - attach to bone - force movement - straited
56
Cardiac MT
- heart - branch pattern to get signal from nerves for contraction - striated
57
Smooth MT
- BVs - digestive tract - NOT straited, have bump - regulate body functions (BP and digestion)
58
Body size and physiology
- natural effect/forces/habitats effect how efficient a size is - rate of gas exchange/nutrient use and heat varies
59
Larger size
decreased SA/V ratio, more effecient
60
Small size
less energy, lose more heat and water, greater SA/V ratio
61
Homeostasis
stability of a condition chemical and physical temp, pH, ion concentration, set point
62
Three regulation components
- sensor - integrator - effector
63
Negative feedback loop
opposite change in conditions (temp)
64
Feedback loop disruptions
- diabetes = body can't regulate B glucose, insulin increases in B
65
Thermoregulation
- radiation - convection - evaporation - conduction
66
Radiation
heat exchange between things NOT touching
67
Convection
heat exchange between solid and gas
68
Evaporation
heat loss through water
69
Conduction
transfer of heat WHILE touching
70
Enotherm
make own heat
71
Ectotherms
get heat from environment
72
Homeotherms
same heat, set to point
73
Poikilotherms
varied heat
74
Flow of nutrients
ingest -> digest -> absorb
75
Major nutrient types
- carbs - lipids - protein
76
4 classes of nutrients
- essential fatty acid - essential amino acid - minerals - vitamins
77
Vitamins
organic, carbon compounds, can synthesis
78
Minerals
inorganic, calcium and iron, cannot synthesis
79
Essential amino acids
9 needed from food, 20 total, synthesis some
80
Essential fatty acids
can synthesis most
81
Adaptive radiation
phenotypes that evolve from a common ancestor to feed of different sources, not as much competition
82
Complete digestion
separate structure for excretion, things flow in one direction
83
Incomplete digestion
no separate structure for excretion, from mouth to stomach, flows back and forth
84
Mechanical factors of digestion
- chewing | - muscle contraction churning food
85
Chemical factors of digestion
- salivary amylase - lingual lipase - acidity and protease - tripsin
86
Peristalsis
rhythmic contraction of the esophagus, stim by nerve signal
87
Crop
- modified esophagus | - food storage, regulation, processing, and regurgitation
88
Stomach digestion
- acidity, 1.5 pH - HCL hydrochloric acid, helps break protein - denaturing protein - proteases, peptide chain
89
Parietal cells
acidity in stomach, denatures
90
Protease
pepsin, breaks up protein into peptide chain in stomach
91
SI digest/absorb
- breaks polypeptide chain into amino acid - absorb protein, carb, and lipid in water - SA increased with villi
92
Pancreas
- produces most enzymes | - tripsin
93
Tripsin
helps activate and breakdown proteases, nucleases, amylase, and lipase
94
Mouth
lipids and carbs | lipase and amylase
95
Stomach
protein
96
Small intestine
absorb lipids, carbs, and proteins in water
97
Large intestine
water absorption, compacts waste, helps breakdown cellulose with symbiotic bacteria
98
Thigmomorphogenesis
plants changes the way it grows and gets shorter and thicker
99
3 responses to touch
- thigmotropism - thigmonastic - thigmomorphogenesis
100
Hormone
organic compound made in one area and send to another via B to create a response
101
Adaptive radiation vs. phenotypic plasticity
- AR = different phenotypes depending on environment | - PP = same genotype with multiple phenotypes in result of environment
102
Plants respond to
wind, light, touch, temp, gravity, herbivory
103
Organization of structures
cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
104
Expansin
- break H bond | - electrochemical gradients let water enter cell by osmosis
105
Dormancy hormones
- Gibberillins = stop | - ABA = start
106
Plants respond to
- daylength - light - temp - seasons
107
Plants change based on
environment
108
4 mouth part adaptions
- flat = greens - long beak = get nectar far down - sharp = tear/crush - filter (suspension)
109
Statolish hypothesis
amyloplasts press against sensory cell --> amyloplasts settle on cell wall --> activate receptors --> signal root in new direction
110
Plants tip on side and start _ and _
- gravitropism | - phototropism
111
Hormone regulating apical meristem growth
auxin
112
Dormancy
temporary state of reduced metabolic activity
113
Pathogens
disease causing bacteria, virus | - must be introduced
114
Response to pathogens
hypersensitive response | systemic acquired resistance
115
Parasitoid
lay eggs in herbivore
116
Allele
physical expression of gene, change frequently | - most allele = most fit
117
If form is adaptive
- allele will reproduce more in pop | - increase frequently
118
Nervous tissue
- Dendrites = reach out of cell body - Axon = from body to axon term - Myelin sheath = keeps signal in axon and moves faster - Axon terminal = receives and sends
119
Increase SA by
- flattening - folding - branching
120
Heterotrophs
have to feed on something else
121
Autotrophs
plants
122
Nutrients
allow body to synthesis ATP and macronutrients
123
Units
- kilocalorie = energy - fat = 9 kc/g - carb/ protein = 4 kc/g
124
Vitamin coenzyme
aid in the synthesis of other things
125
ATP
energy in cell, made from glucose, stores energy in 3 phosphate bonds (energy released when bonds broken)
126
Digestive tract
what food passes through
127
Accessory organs
don't come into contact with food but help by producing enzymes
128
Enzymes break down
carbs, lipids, and proteins
129
Salivary amylase
carbs
130
Lingual lipase
lipids
131
3 cell types
- mucous - chief - parietal
132
Chief cells
- produce proteases that break protein into peptide chain | - proteases = pepsin
133
Sodium concentration gradient
sodium potassium pump pushes out sodium and brings in potassium (low sodium in SI) - sodium carries in glucose and amino acid - water and lipids go across membrane right into B
134
Appendix
can help recolonize good bacteria

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