EXAM 1 REVIEW (Unit 4)

Question 1

Who discovered the DNA double Helix and X-ray diffraction?

Answer 1

Rosalind Franklin

Question 2

DNA uncoiled is called

Answer 2

chromatin

Question 3

Chromatin is __________ DNA

Answer 3

compacted

Question 4

Chromatin is composed of DNA wound around _______

Answer 4

protein

Question 5

DNA is made from a _______________

Answer 5

pair of nucleotides

Question 6

What does a nucleotide consist of?

Answer 6

1. Base (G,C,A,T)
2. Phosphate
3. Sugar (deoxyribose)

Question 7

______ serves as code for amino acids

Answer 7

DNA

Question 8

Put a bunch of amino acids together and you get a _________

Answer 8

polypeptide

Question 9

what is a genome?

Answer 9

all the genes of one person (humans have estimated 35,000 genes)

Question 10

DNA never leaves the _________

Answer 10

nucleus

Question 11

the library of information stored in DNA can only be copied. This is done by _______

Answer 11

m-RNA

Question 12

protein is created by this pathway: __________

Answer 12

DNA to RNA to protein

Question 13

genetic information flows only in one direction: DNA to RNA to PROTEIN. this is called _____________

Answer 13

central dogma

Question 14

Genes control the production of _________

Answer 14

proteins

Question 15

what is t-RNA?

Answer 15

transfer RNA.
-it looks like a big “T” with three bases called an anticodon

Question 16

what is m-RNA?

Answer 16

Messanger RNA
- looks like a single ribbon (single helix)
-three bases attached are called a codon

Question 17

what is r-RNA?

Answer 17

Ribosomal RNA.
-its two proteins combined together
-looks like a fist with the other hand wrapped around it

Question 18

Transcription occurs in the _______

Answer 18

nucleus

Question 19

______ transcribes DNA into its own code

Answer 19

m_RNA

Question 20

in protein synthesis, transcription =

Answer 20

DNA transcribed to m-RNA

Question 21

in protein synthesis, translation =

Answer 21

m-RNA translated by t-RNA on rough ER into a protein

Question 22

ribosomes are also called _______

Answer 22

r-RNA

Question 23

what comes first? transcription or translation?

Answer 23

transcription

Question 24

what do enzymes do?

Answer 24

speed body reactions and are proteins

Question 25

what happens in an enzyme reaction?

Answer 25

the enzyme assists in the reaction but is not used up

Question 26

enzyme activity can be controlled by ________ (pHIT)

Answer 26

pH, inhibitors, and temperature (pHIT)

Question 27

What are the three main phases in the cell cycle?

Answer 27

Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis

Question 28

What are the 3 stages in interphase?

Answer 28

G1 phase (first growth) S phase (synthesis) G2 phase (second growth)

Question 29

Is mitosis a part of interphase?

Answer 29

No, it is its own phase

Question 30

is cytokinesis part of interphase or mitosis?

Answer 30

no

Question 31

Mitosis is nuclear division and consists of four phases: _________

Answer 31

-Prophase -Metaphase -Anaphase -Telophase

Question 32

what is a genotype?

Answer 32

your genetic makeup

Question 33

what is the outward expression of the gene? (like a photo)

Answer 33

Phenotype

Question 34

when you have two identical alleles, or the same trait (PP or pp) what is it called?

Answer 34

homozygous

Question 35

when you have different alleles (Pp) what is this called?

Answer 35

heterozygous

Question 36

what causes death and is usually homozygous recessive?

Answer 36

lethal allele (or the lethal gene)

Question 37

What is a helpful way to determine genotype?

Answer 37

the Punnett square

Question 38

what are the three variations on inheritance?

Answer 38

Codominance, Incomplete dominance, and polygenic inheritance

Question 39

Name the variation on inheritance:____________ -Both heterozygous alleles are equally dominant - example: sickle cell anemia

Answer 39

codominance

Question 40

Name the variation on inheritance: _________ - Both heterozygous alleles are expressed incompletely (not equally) - a _____ and ______ flowers create a pINk flower

Answer 40

incomplete dominance

Question 41

Name the variation of inheritance: -continuous gradation of gene expression - eye color and kids skin color of dark and light skinned parents

Answer 41

Polygenic inheritance

Question 42

Polygenic Inheritance: Genes at two or more loci, or even different chromosomes contribute to a _____________

Answer 42

single phenotypic trait (eye and skin color)

Question 43

What is sickle-cell disease?

Answer 43

-A hereditary hemoglobin defect -effects mostly those of African decent -shortened life span