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Anatomy & Physiology I > EXAM 1 REVIEW (Unit 4) > Flashcards

EXAM 1 REVIEW (Unit 4) Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered the DNA double Helix and X-ray diffraction?

A

Rosalind Franklin

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2
Q

DNA uncoiled is called

A

chromatin

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3
Q

Chromatin is __________ DNA

A

compacted

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4
Q

Chromatin is composed of DNA wound around _______

A

protein

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5
Q

DNA is made from a _______________

A

pair of nucleotides

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6
Q

What does a nucleotide consist of?

A
  1. Base (G,C,A,T)
  2. Phosphate
  3. Sugar (deoxyribose)
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7
Q

______ serves as code for amino acids

A

DNA

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8
Q

Put a bunch of amino acids together and you get a _________

A

polypeptide

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9
Q

what is a genome?

A

all the genes of one person (humans have estimated 35,000 genes)

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10
Q

DNA never leaves the _________

A

nucleus

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11
Q

the library of information stored in DNA can only be copied. This is done by _______

A

m-RNA

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12
Q

protein is created by this pathway: __________

A

DNA to RNA to protein

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13
Q

genetic information flows only in one direction: DNA to RNA to PROTEIN. this is called _____________

A

central dogma

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14
Q

Genes control the production of _________

A

proteins

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15
Q

what is t-RNA?

A

transfer RNA.
-it looks like a big “T” with three bases called an anticodon

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16
Q

what is m-RNA?

A

Messanger RNA
- looks like a single ribbon (single helix)
-three bases attached are called a codon

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17
Q

what is r-RNA?

A

Ribosomal RNA.
-its two proteins combined together
-looks like a fist with the other hand wrapped around it

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18
Q

Transcription occurs in the _______

A

nucleus

19
Q

______ transcribes DNA into its own code

A

m_RNA

20
Q

in protein synthesis, transcription =

A

DNA transcribed to m-RNA

21
Q

in protein synthesis, translation =

A

m-RNA translated by t-RNA on rough ER into a protein

22
Q

ribosomes are also called _______

A

r-RNA

23
Q

what comes first? transcription or translation?

A

transcription

24
Q

what do enzymes do?

A

speed body reactions and are proteins

25
Q

what happens in an enzyme reaction?

A

the enzyme assists in the reaction but is not used up

26
Q

enzyme activity can be controlled by ________ (pHIT)

A

pH, inhibitors, and temperature (pHIT)

27
Q

What are the three main phases in the cell cycle?

A

Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis

28
Q

What are the 3 stages in interphase?

A

G1 phase (first growth)
S phase (synthesis)
G2 phase (second growth)

29
Q

Is mitosis a part of interphase?

A

No, it is its own phase

30
Q

is cytokinesis part of interphase or mitosis?

A

no

31
Q

Mitosis is nuclear division and consists of four phases: _________

A

-Prophase
-Metaphase
-Anaphase
-Telophase

32
Q

what is a genotype?

A

your genetic makeup

33
Q

what is the outward expression of the gene? (like a photo)

A

Phenotype

34
Q

when you have two identical alleles, or the same trait (PP or pp) what is it called?

A

homozygous

35
Q

when you have different alleles (Pp) what is this called?

A

heterozygous

36
Q

what causes death and is usually homozygous recessive?

A

lethal allele (or the lethal gene)

37
Q

What is a helpful way to determine genotype?

A

the Punnett square

38
Q

what are the three variations on inheritance?

A

Codominance, Incomplete dominance, and polygenic inheritance

39
Q

Name the variation on inheritance:____________
-Both heterozygous alleles are equally dominant
- example: sickle cell anemia

A

codominance

40
Q

Name the variation on inheritance: _________
- Both heterozygous alleles are expressed incompletely (not equally)
- a _____ and ______ flowers create a pINk flower

A

incomplete dominance

41
Q

Name the variation of inheritance:
-continuous gradation of gene expression
- eye color and kids skin color of dark and light skinned parents

A

Polygenic inheritance

42
Q

Polygenic Inheritance: Genes at two or more loci, or even different chromosomes contribute to a _____________

A

single phenotypic trait (eye and skin color)

43
Q

What is sickle-cell disease?

A

-A hereditary hemoglobin defect
-effects mostly those of African decent
-shortened life span

Anatomy & Physiology I (12 decks)

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