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Anatomy & Physiology I > EXAM 2 REVIEW (lessons 6-9) > Flashcards

EXAM 2 REVIEW (lessons 6-9) Flashcards

1
Q

What is part of the integumentary system?

A

Skin, nails, hair, glands and nerve endings

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2
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

skin

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3
Q

How many parts make up the integumentary system? What are they?

A

Two parts:
-Epidermis
-Dermis

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4
Q

What is below or deeper than the dermis?

A

the subcutaneous (SubQ) aka superficial fascia or hypodermis

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5
Q

how many layers are in the epidermis?

A

five layers (typically only has 4, but 5 in total when including stratum lucidum)

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6
Q

Name the 5 layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial (bottom to top) Big Sweet Guys Love Candy

A

Stratum BASAL, stratum SPINOSM, stratum GRANULOSM, stratum LUCIDUM, stratum CORNEUM

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7
Q

describe the stratum basal

A

-germ layer
-this layer provides new cells by mitotic cell division

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8
Q

describe the stratum spinosum

A

-spine like
-provides structural support, helping the skin resist abrasion

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9
Q

describe the stratum granulosum

A

-helps to form a waterproof barrier that functions to prevent fluid loss from the body

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10
Q

describe stratum lucidum

A

-clear
- found only in palms and feet

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11
Q

stratum corneum

A

composed of flat, dead cells that continually flake away, a vital barrier of the skin

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12
Q

epi =

A

above

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13
Q

what cells are in the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans (immunity), and Merkel (light touch)

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14
Q

what are keratinocytes?

A

protein keratin that waterproofs and protects (never needs ironing)

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15
Q

what are melanocytes?

A

black-brown pigment that protects nucleus from the suns UV rays

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16
Q

dermal papillae

A

fingerprints

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17
Q

describe the dermis

A

-meissner corpuscles cells (hard touch)
- dermal papillae
-extensibility (stretch ability)
-elasticity (bounce back ability)

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18
Q

what are fingerprints?

A

epidermal ridges

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19
Q

What do fingertips do?

A
  • conform to the underlying dermal papillae
    -increase grip by increasing function
    -comes in loops, arches, and whorls (LAW)
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20
Q

calluses will occur in the _________

A

epidermis

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21
Q

stretch marks occur in the

A

dermis

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22
Q

what is the closest estimate of the average thickness of your skin?

A

1.5 mm (1-2mm)

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23
Q

We get new skin every _________

A

2-4 weeks

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24
Q

what percent of house dust is dead skin?

A

75%

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25
Q

as cells migrate to the surface they lose their nucleus and so become

A
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26
Q

skin color results from: __________

A

differences in exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR)

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27
Q

UltraViolet Radiation (UVR) has an adverse effect. What is it?

A

causes skin cancer

28
Q

Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR) has a desirable effect. What is it?

A

-stimulates synthesis of vitamin D for dietary calcium absorption
- we should get at least one hour in the sun a day

29
Q

these people tend to have well melanized skin to screen out excessive UVR

A

people native to the tropics and their descendants

30
Q

these people tend to have light skin to allow for adequate UVR penetration where the sunlight is weak

A

people native to far northern latitudes

31
Q

blacks =

A

melanin

32
Q

whites =

A

blood hemoglobin and carotene with little melanin

33
Q

asians=

A

carotene

34
Q

do albinos lack melanocytes?

A

no

35
Q

why do albinos have pink eyes?

A

they have little melanin in their eyes, causing you to be able to see the color of their blood vessels showing through

36
Q

cyanosis=

A

blueness

37
Q

erythema=

A

redness from sunburn, exercise, trauma, physical abuse.
-hematoma (bleeding, blood clot) results from trauma

38
Q

jaundice=

A

yellowness

39
Q

pallor= ______
and what does it include?

A

=paleness
- anemia and albinism

40
Q

what are lines of cleavage?

A

lines of collagen

41
Q

name the different types of skin markings

A

-hemangiomas (birthmarks)
- freckles and moles= aggregations of melanocytes
-flexion creases after birth from repeated closing of the hand

42
Q

Name the functions of the skin (REDIPT)

A

-Receptors for sensory functions
-Emotions/psychological
-D vitamin synthesis
-Temperature regulation
-Immunity
-Protection

43
Q

what is a water barrier and UV barrier?

A

your skin

44
Q

what happens if the body is too cold?

A

Vasoconstriction (closing) of the blood vessels will occur in the skin to decrease the flow of heat

45
Q

when will the skin cause a cessation of sweating?

A

when the body is cold

46
Q

what happens if the body is too hot?

A

vasodilation (opening) of the blood vessels occurs in the skin to increase surface area to the air to cool the blood

47
Q

when will the skin start sweating to cause a cooling effect?

A

when the body is too hot

48
Q

What does hair do?

A

protects us from the sun and heat loss

49
Q

describe the anatomy of hair

A

-shaft, root, follicle, bulb = growth
-sebaceous (oil) gland
-arrector pili muscle = goosebumps

50
Q

scalp hair provides___________

A

heat retention and sunburn cover

51
Q

what does pubic and axillary hair indicate?

A

sexual maturity and helps distribute sexual scents

52
Q

nails are _______ and grow _____ per week

A

epidermal ridges, 1mm

53
Q

what is the anatomy of the nail?

A

body, free edge, eponychium (cuticle)

54
Q

name the 3 types of cutaneous glands?

A

-sweat glands
-mammary glands
-sebaceous glands

55
Q

ceruminous produce a waxy substance called ______

A

cerumen

56
Q

ceruminous glands are ___________

A

specialized sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)

57
Q

ceruminous glands are only found in the_______

A

external ear

58
Q

what forms earwax?

A

cerumen secretion combined with oil from sebaceous glands, sweat and dead epithelial cells

59
Q

what does earwax do?

A
  • keeps eardrums pliable
    -waterproofs the canal
    -makes hair sticky to prevent foreign stuff from entering the ears
60
Q

what are the different types of skin cancer (caused by UV rays)?

A
  • basal cell carcinoma (stratum basal)
    -squamous cell carcinoma (stratum spinosum)
    -malignant melanoma (deadly)
61
Q

what are the signs of skin cancer and the preventions

A

signs: asymmetry, border irregular, color mixed, diameter over 6mm, evolving
prevention: beta-carotene, anti-oxidants, dermatologist exam, avoid tanning beds

62
Q

First and second degree burns are

A

partial thickness

63
Q

third degree burns are______
why are they initially painless?

A

full thickness
- because the nerve endings are destroyed

64
Q

___________is a defense response from cell damage due to bugs, physical trauma, or chemical agents such as diet

A

inflammation

65
Q

what are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

-pain
- heat
- redness (erythema)
- swelling (edema)

66
Q

those who use sunscreen have higher incidence of

A

basal cell cancer

67
Q

what harmful effects can sunscreen have?

A

-chemicals damage skins DNA
- generate harmful free radicals (PABA, Zinc, titanium oxide)

Anatomy & Physiology I (12 decks)

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