EXAM 2 REVIEW (lessons 6-9)

Question 1

What is part of the integumentary system?

Answer 1

Skin, nails, hair, glands and nerve endings

Question 2

What is the largest organ in the body?

Answer 2

skin

Question 3

How many parts make up the integumentary system? What are they?

Answer 3

Two parts:
-Epidermis
-Dermis

Question 4

What is below or deeper than the dermis?

Answer 4

the subcutaneous (SubQ) aka superficial fascia or hypodermis

Question 5

how many layers are in the epidermis?

Answer 5

five layers (typically only has 4, but 5 in total when including stratum lucidum)

Question 6

Name the 5 layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial (bottom to top) Big Sweet Guys Love Candy

Answer 6

Stratum BASAL, stratum SPINOSM, stratum GRANULOSM, stratum LUCIDUM, stratum CORNEUM

Question 7

describe the stratum basal

Answer 7

-germ layer
-this layer provides new cells by mitotic cell division

Question 8

describe the stratum spinosum

Answer 8

-spine like
-provides structural support, helping the skin resist abrasion

Question 9

describe the stratum granulosum

Answer 9

-helps to form a waterproof barrier that functions to prevent fluid loss from the body

Question 10

describe stratum lucidum

Answer 10

-clear
- found only in palms and feet

Question 11

stratum corneum

Answer 11

composed of flat, dead cells that continually flake away, a vital barrier of the skin

Question 12

epi =

Answer 12

above

Question 13

what cells are in the epidermis?

Answer 13

keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans (immunity), and Merkel (light touch)

Question 14

what are keratinocytes?

Answer 14

protein keratin that waterproofs and protects (never needs ironing)

Question 15

what are melanocytes?

Answer 15

black-brown pigment that protects nucleus from the suns UV rays

Question 16

dermal papillae

Answer 16

fingerprints

Question 17

describe the dermis

Answer 17

-meissner corpuscles cells (hard touch)
- dermal papillae
-extensibility (stretch ability)
-elasticity (bounce back ability)

Question 18

what are fingerprints?

Answer 18

epidermal ridges

Question 19

What do fingertips do?

Answer 19

• conform to the underlying dermal papillae
  -increase grip by increasing function
  -comes in loops, arches, and whorls (LAW)

Question 20

calluses will occur in the _________

Answer 20

epidermis

Question 21

stretch marks occur in the

Answer 21

dermis

Question 22

what is the closest estimate of the average thickness of your skin?

Answer 22

1.5 mm (1-2mm)

Question 23

We get new skin every _________

Answer 23

2-4 weeks

Question 24

what percent of house dust is dead skin?

Answer 24

75%

Question 25

as cells migrate to the surface they lose their nucleus and so become

Question 26

skin color results from: __________

Answer 26

differences in exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR)

Question 27

UltraViolet Radiation (UVR) has an adverse effect. What is it?

Answer 27

causes skin cancer

Question 28

Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR) has a desirable effect. What is it?

Answer 28

-stimulates synthesis of vitamin D for dietary calcium absorption - we should get at least one hour in the sun a day

Question 29

these people tend to have well melanized skin to screen out excessive UVR

Answer 29

people native to the tropics and their descendants

Question 30

these people tend to have light skin to allow for adequate UVR penetration where the sunlight is weak

Answer 30

people native to far northern latitudes

Question 31

blacks =

Answer 31

melanin

Question 32

whites =

Answer 32

blood hemoglobin and carotene with little melanin

Question 33

asians=

Answer 33

carotene

Question 34

do albinos lack melanocytes?

Answer 34

no

Question 35

why do albinos have pink eyes?

Answer 35

they have little melanin in their eyes, causing you to be able to see the color of their blood vessels showing through

Question 36

cyanosis=

Answer 36

blueness

Question 37

erythema=

Answer 37

redness from sunburn, exercise, trauma, physical abuse. -hematoma (bleeding, blood clot) results from trauma

Question 38

jaundice=

Answer 38

yellowness

Question 39

pallor= ______ and what does it include?

Answer 39

=paleness - anemia and albinism

Question 40

what are lines of cleavage?

Answer 40

lines of collagen

Question 41

name the different types of skin markings

Answer 41

-hemangiomas (birthmarks) - freckles and moles= aggregations of melanocytes -flexion creases after birth from repeated closing of the hand

Question 42

Name the functions of the skin (REDIPT)

Answer 42

-Receptors for sensory functions -Emotions/psychological -D vitamin synthesis -Temperature regulation -Immunity -Protection

Question 43

what is a water barrier and UV barrier?

Answer 43

your skin

Question 44

what happens if the body is too cold?

Answer 44

Vasoconstriction (closing) of the blood vessels will occur in the skin to decrease the flow of heat

Question 45

when will the skin cause a cessation of sweating?

Answer 45

when the body is cold

Question 46

what happens if the body is too hot?

Answer 46

vasodilation (opening) of the blood vessels occurs in the skin to increase surface area to the air to cool the blood

Question 47

when will the skin start sweating to cause a cooling effect?

Answer 47

when the body is too hot

Question 48

What does hair do?

Answer 48

protects us from the sun and heat loss

Question 49

describe the anatomy of hair

Answer 49

-shaft, root, follicle, bulb = growth -sebaceous (oil) gland -arrector pili muscle = goosebumps

Question 50

scalp hair provides___________

Answer 50

heat retention and sunburn cover

Question 51

what does pubic and axillary hair indicate?

Answer 51

sexual maturity and helps distribute sexual scents

Question 52

nails are _______ and grow _____ per week

Answer 52

epidermal ridges, 1mm

Question 53

what is the anatomy of the nail?

Answer 53

body, free edge, eponychium (cuticle)

Question 54

name the 3 types of cutaneous glands?

Answer 54

-sweat glands -mammary glands -sebaceous glands

Question 55

ceruminous produce a waxy substance called ______

Answer 55

cerumen

Question 56

ceruminous glands are ___________

Answer 56

specialized sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)

Question 57

ceruminous glands are only found in the_______

Answer 57

external ear

Question 58

what forms earwax?

Answer 58

cerumen secretion combined with oil from sebaceous glands, sweat and dead epithelial cells

Question 59

what does earwax do?

Answer 59

- keeps eardrums pliable -waterproofs the canal -makes hair sticky to prevent foreign stuff from entering the ears

Question 60

what are the different types of skin cancer (caused by UV rays)?

Answer 60

- basal cell carcinoma (stratum basal) -squamous cell carcinoma (stratum spinosum) -malignant melanoma (deadly)

Question 61

what are the signs of skin cancer and the preventions

Answer 61

signs: asymmetry, border irregular, color mixed, diameter over 6mm, evolving prevention: beta-carotene, anti-oxidants, dermatologist exam, avoid tanning beds

Question 62

First and second degree burns are

Answer 62

partial thickness

Question 63

third degree burns are______ why are they initially painless?

Answer 63

full thickness - because the nerve endings are destroyed

Question 64

___________is a defense response from cell damage due to bugs, physical trauma, or chemical agents such as diet

Answer 64

inflammation

Question 65

what are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 65

-pain - heat - redness (erythema) - swelling (edema)

Question 66

those who use sunscreen have higher incidence of

Answer 66

basal cell cancer

Question 67

what harmful effects can sunscreen have?

Answer 67

-chemicals damage skins DNA - generate harmful free radicals (PABA, Zinc, titanium oxide)