exam 1: skill acquisition

Question 1

explict skills

Answer 1

Facts, ideas, declarative knowledge, words, formulas
* Very conscious

Question 2

Implicit skills

Answer 2

Actual skill performance
* Procedural, motor skill
* Not conscious

Question 3

what is a motor skill

Answer 3

A voluntary, goal or task-oriented sequence of body movements to
achieve a goal

Question 4

what is motor learning

Answer 4

A set of processes associated with practice or
experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability
of movement

Question 5

are performance and learning the same thing

Answer 5

no

Question 6

what is a performance

Answer 6

observable behavior

Question 7

what is learning

Answer 7

changes overtime inn the learner

Question 8

can learning and teach occur without each other

Answer 8

yes

the may occur without each other

Question 9

what is a the learning continuum

Answer 9

Skill acquisition
* Skill retention
* Skill transfer-

Question 10

what is Skill acquisition

Answer 10

achieve preliminary success

Question 11

what is Skill retention

Answer 11

• success carries over to subsequent sessions

Question 12

what is Skill transfer

Answer 12

learner can use skill in more diverse settings
* Mental workload decreases, self efficacy increases

Question 13

What can we observe in a performance to know that learning is taking
place?

Answer 13

1. Improvement- they’re “better” at the skill
2. Consistency-
3. Stability- less influenced by perturbations (internal and external)
4. Persistence- improved performance continues over increased periods of time
5. Adaptability- the skill can be generalized to difference circumstances
6. Reduced attentional demand- often demonstrated by the ability to dual tasking

Question 14

Learning Assessment

Answer 14

• Observation
• Performance outcomes
• Retention tests- perform the skill again after a period of time without practicing
• Transfer tests- perform a learned skill in a novel situation
• Dual-task procedure- have attentional demands reduced?

Question 15

what are intrinsic factor ins individualization

Answer 15

cognition, weakness, deconditioning, vision, etc

Question 16

what is one of the most powerful tools in motor learning

Answer 16

demo

this is most meaningful for a novice learner

repeat as often as needed

Question 17

what is the difference between instructions and feedback

Answer 17

instructions - before practice

feedback - provided after practice

Question 18

focus of attention - what should a pt pay attention to in their movements

Answer 18

the outcome rather than the movements they have to take to get to that final product

Question 19

Internal focus of attention what type of cues

Answer 19

• Explicit cues

Question 20

external focus of attention what type of cues

Answer 20

implicit cues

Question 21

what are forms of explicit cues

Answer 21

We tell patient how to move

Question 22

what are forms of implicit cues

Answer 22

We cue the patient according to
the outcome.

Question 23

what is internal focus

Answer 23

Patient concentrates on a specific
body movement

Question 24

what is an external focus

Answer 24

Patient concentrates on object
movement

goal oriented movement

Question 25

what is the benefit of implicit cues

Answer 25

Allows the person to develop their own kinematic solution Allows the person and their nervous system to figure out the most efficient way to perform the skill.

Question 26

what is the downfall of explicit cues

Answer 26

* This removes the opportunity for the person to develop an individual strategy and thus makes it more difficult to remember the skill

Question 27

practice and specificity

Answer 27

Practice should be as specific as possible If the skill consists of steps in sequence, practice it that way.

Question 28

what is purpose of therapy

Answer 28

skill transfer

Question 29

what aspect of practice helps promote skill transfer

Answer 29

diversification

Question 30

what do we do once a individual skill in maximized

Answer 30

make it more real life

Question 31

random practice

Answer 31

interleaved practice of two or more acquired skills

Question 32

what is the benefit of random practice

Answer 32

* Enhances skill retention and transfer for open skills more than blocked

Question 33

what is blocked practice

Answer 33

consistent” practice

Question 34

can you only do random or blacked practice

Answer 34

the two are not mutually exclusive

Question 35

what is Interference

Answer 35

conditions within and following a practice session affect whether training on a new skill will be retained

Question 36

how to improve consolidation of new info

Answer 36

trainer should avoid introduction of other new skills or cognitive learning tasks during the 4-6 hours before and following practice * Retrograde and antegrade interference

Question 37

sleep and consolidation

Answer 37

Even a 40 min nap immediately post-training results in earlier consolidation, especially for older learners

Question 38

what is Offline learning

Answer 38

- learner performs better without any intervening physical practice

Question 39

aerobic exercise and retention

Answer 39

Aerobic exercise has been shown in many (not all) studies to enhance retention * Preferably high intensity, but also moderate intensity * Gap can be as little as 20 minutes and up to 2 hours

Question 40

“Over-learning” and skill retention

Answer 40

“Over-learning” has a positive effect on skill retention. still want to avoid frustration when learning something

Question 41

are intervals in training barriers to learning

Answer 41

Intervals of weeks to months between training are not barriers to learning * As little as 6 minutes per month can be effective

Question 42

what is a discrete skill

Answer 42

A skill containing a single unit of activity with a definite beginning and end. A tennis serve and golf swing are examples of discrete skills

Question 43

what is a continuous skill

Answer 43

One which has no clear beginning or end but is more a cycle of movements repeated over and over again. Examples of this are running, cycling and swimming.

Question 44

distribution of practice is better for what kind of skill

Answer 44

continuous

Question 45

massed type of practice is better for what kind of skill

Answer 45

discrete

Question 46

what are motor chunks

Answer 46

* Some skills consist of a sequence of sub-skills or components and can be broken down into “motor chunks”

Question 47

whole and part practice what is the best seq. to learning a skill

Answer 47

whole>part >whole

Question 48

whole practice is best for what type on motions

Answer 48

tasks involving continuous movement

Question 49

what is the benefit of simplifying skills

Answer 49

Reducing errors during initial practice attempts may encourage a more implicit method of learning. * The simpler version of the skill may be useful itself. * Reduce attentional demands, degrees of freedom, etc.

Question 50

what is an example of mental pratice

Answer 50

imagery - visualizing what it is you want to do greater effect on closed skill less of a effect on novel tasks

Question 51

what is intrinsic feedback

Answer 51

what the learner can see, hear, or feel

Question 52

augmented feedback

Answer 52

mirror, video, biofeedback

Question 53

Knowledge of results - feedback and good or bad

Answer 53

State success or failure, usually unnecessary

Question 54

Knowledge of performance - good bad and how

Answer 54

Provide information about how the skill was performed Pointing out errors is more effective than noting successes.

Question 55

when is the best to provide feedback

Answer 55

* Providing feedback after the skill is usually preferable.