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botany > exam 1 slide 5 and 6 > Flashcards

exam 1 slide 5 and 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Complex Tissues

A

Comprised of More
than one Cell Type

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2
Q

complex tissue types

A

a. Epidermis
b. Xylem
c. Phloem
d. Periderm
e. Secretory

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3
Q

a. Epidermis
-where is it
-how large is it
-are there hairs if there are what type of hairs

A

– Outermost layer of cells on plant organs (e.g.
leaves, roots, stems)
– Usually one cell thick
– Hairs are often present
* Trichomes
.Root hairs

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4
Q

Trichomes

A

hairs on stems, leaves and other above
ground structures that are projections of epidermal
cells or a number of epidermal cells

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5
Q

Root hairs

A

extensions of epidermal cells

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6
Q

Upper Epidermis of Tobacco Leaf

-whats on it and what are there functions

A

Waxy Cuticle on Surface
* Epidermal Cells
* Stomatal Guard Cells
– Water and gases pass
through stomates
* Hairs = glandular trichomes

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7
Q

Tradescantia Leaf Epidermis

have what

A

.Trichomes
* Regular epidermal
cells
* Guard cells
* Subsidiary cells

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8
Q

Xylem

roles

A

– Water and mineral conduction (transport)
* Transport is upwards and sideways
– Support
– Some storage

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9
Q

Components of Xylem:

A

-Xylem parenchyma cells
-fibers
-conducting components
-vessels
-tracheids
rays of parenchyma in wood

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10
Q

fibers in xylem is used for

A

support

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11
Q

the xylem parenchyma cells are used for

A

storage

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12
Q

what make vessels diffrent from tracheid

A

-Long tubes made up of
vessel elements (cells)
* Can be open-ended or have
bar-like strips at the end
walls = perforation plates
* Can have pits in side walls

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13
Q

what makes tracheids diffrent form

A

.Narrower
* Tapered at the ends
* Pits in end walls and
side walls

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14
Q

what do Vessels and Tracheids both have

A
  • Both have primary and secondary walls
  • Both have lignin in the secondary walls that
    stains red with phloroglucinol-HCl
  • Both are dead at maturity
  • At maturity, the cells have no cytoplasm and
    are empty
  • Both have pits or ring-like thickenings or other
    patterns of lignin in secondary walls
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15
Q

Phloem

what do they do

A

-Transport of dissolved “food” = carbohydrates
* Direction of transport is up & down and sideways
* Source sink relationships determine direction of
transport in phloem

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16
Q

From a source of
carbohydrate

A

-Photosynthesizing leaves
* Other sites of
photosynthesis
* Underground storage
structures that are
exporting (e.g. bulbs in
spring)
* Mature structures that are
exporting

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17
Q

To a sink for carbohydrates

A
  • Growing leaves
  • Growing fruits
  • Growing flowers
  • Growing buds
  • Developing roots
  • Developing, importing
    underground storage
    structures
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18
Q

Components of Phloem:

A

-Phloem parenchyma cells = storage
* Fibers for support
* Conducting components
– Sieve tube cells
– Companion cells
* Rays of parenchyma in wood

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19
Q

both Sieve Tube Cells and Companion Cells

A
  • Both have primary walls only
  • They do not stain red with phloroglucinol-HCl
  • Both are alive at maturity
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20
Q

Sieve tube cells (elements) are diff because

A

-Lack a nucleus
* Wider in diameter
* Sites of transport
* Have sieve plates at end
walls

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21
Q

Companion cells are diffrent bcuz

A

-Have a nucleus
* Narrower in diameter
* Aid the transport process

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22
Q

Xylem in
Cone Bearing Trees (Gymnosperms)

A

Xylem = tracheids only, no vessels, no fibers
– Cone-bearing trees = softwoods

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23
Q

only diff in phloem from xylem in gymnosperm

A

Phloem has albuminous cells instead of
companion cells, but is otherwise similar to xylem

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24
Q

Periderm where to find them

A

outer bark of woody plants

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25
Periderm is made of what and what are some of its roles
-Phelloderm * Cork cambium (phellogen) = source of cells * Cork cells
26
how do cork cells work in periderm
– Dead at maturity – Have fatty suberin in cell walls for waterproofing
27
Secretory tissue that releases
-Nectar (from flowers and leaves) – Oils (e.g. citrus oils) – Resins (e.g. from conifers) – Waxes – Poisons – Latex (e.g. Norway maple, Poinsettia) – Enzymes – Mucilage (glue) e.g. Sundews
28
29
gymnosperm are diff cause
- "Naked” seeds * Have seeds but not in fruits * Seeds often in cones * No flowers
30
Angiosperm diff cause
-“Vessel” seeds * Seeds are in fruits * Flowers -monocot -dicots
31
Monocots (monocotyledonous)
one cotyledon (one seed “leaf”)
32
Dicots (dicotyledonous)
two cotyledons (two seed “leaves”)
33
Node
the site on the stem where one or more leaves is attached.
34
Internode
the region in between two nodes
35
Bud scales
Protect the bud; bud scales leave scars when they fall off From one set of bud scale scars to the next, is one year’s growth
36
Lenticels
*Loosely arranged pockets of parenchyma cells that protrude through the surface of periderm (outer bark). *On woody stems that no longer have an epidermis and no longer have stomates. *Allow for gas exchange.
37
Typical Monocot Vascular Bundle
-Some large vessels with several small vessels * First formed xylem cells stretch and collapse leaving air space * Phloem consists of sieve tubes and companion cells. * No vascular cambium * Closed vascular bundles
38
Closed vascular bundles
vascular bundles are surrounded by sheath of sclerenchyma cells.
39
Monocot Stem
- Scattered vascular bundles * Ground or fundamental tissue of parenchyma cells instead of pith and cortex * No vascular cambium in vascular bundles * Closed vascular bundles * Do not form true wood * Do not form cork (no cork cambium)
40
herbaceous dicot stem
-herbaceous dicots have discrete vascular bundles arranged in a cylinder or ring * Vascular cambium arises between primary xylem and primary phloem (the xylem and phloem in the original bundle). – Adds secondary xylem and secondary phloem
41
Dicot Stems
-Vascular bundles in a ring * Pith and cortex of parenchyma cells instead of fundamental or ground tissue * Vascular cambium in vascular bundles * Open vascular bundles – NOT surrounded by bundle sheath * Can form true wood (depends on the species) – Wood = secondary xylem
42
Secondary (Thickening) Growth
Vascular cambium:
43
Vascular cambium produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem where
Produces secondary xylem to the inside – Produces secondary phloem to the outside
44
Vascular Rays
Vascular Rays consist of parenchyma cells that function in lateral conduction of nutrients and water
45
vascular rays and xylem rays
Xylem Ray - Part of ray within xylem –Broad xylem ray –Narrow xylem ray
46
vascular rays and phloem rays
Phloem Ray - Part of ray through phloem –Broad phloem ray (continution of broad xylem ray) –Narrow phloem ray (continuation of narrow xylem ray)
47
Spring wood is formed
early in the season and has wider diameter vessels than summer wood. It is also lighter in color.
48
Summer wood
has thicker walls and is darker in color. has a tinner diameter vessesls
49
When summer wood of the previous season is next to spring wood of the next season
a line can be seen between them and this is the annual ring.
50
Earlywood
Spring wood
51
Latewood
Summer wood
52
Heartwood and Sapwood similarties
(Both are dead; all wood is dead) Resins, gums, and tannins accumulate, and darken wood, forming heartwood.
53
Heartwood
Older, darker wood in center * No longer functions in transport * Still provides support
54
sapwood
-Lighter, closest to cambium * Still transports * Provides support
55
One year’s growth of the xylem are called and what creates the ring
annual ring Vascular cambium produces more secondary xylem than phloem
56
Bulk of tree trunk consists of annual rings of wood. what does it indicate and reflect
– Indicates age of a tree – Reflects growth conditions during tree’s lifetime – e.g. precipitation, forest fires
57
Woody Pine Stem have what and what type of wood is it
Resin canals The wood is tracheids only and is a softwood
58
Resin canals
Secrete resin or “pitch” for protection after wounding. Turpentine evaporates and leaves rosin.
59
woody pine stems wood is tracheids only
-No vessels – No fibers
60
Removal of Wood
-Heartwood supports the tree but cannot conduct materials. – A tree may still function after heartwood is removed. * It is possible to remove portions of sapwood without destroying the tree. – Coastal redwoods of California
61
Specialized Stems
Rhizomes runners tubers bulbs corms thorn
62
rhizomes
Horizontal stems that grow below- ground; have nodes and internodes irises
63
runners
Horizontal stems that grow above ground and have long internodes. e.g. Strawberry
64
Tubers
Swollen, fleshy, underground stems – Store food – e.g. Potatoes – Eyes of potatoes are nodes
65
Bulbs
Stem and leaves – Store food – e.g. Onions, hyacinths, tulips
66
corms
Mostly stem tissue with papery leaves – Store food – e.g. Crocus and gladiolus
67

botany (25 decks)

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