Exam 1 Study Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
What is anthropology?
A
study of human beings
2
Q
Anthropology is a _ discipline
A
holistic
3
Q
Subfields of anthropology
A
archaeology, physical/biological, cultural, and anthropological linguistics
4
Q
define archeology
A
study of the lives, histories, and customs of past human cultures
5
Q
Archeology examines and:
A
explains cultural changes over time
6
Q
Archaeology focuses on:
A
the material remains of past societies
7
Q
How are remains usually obtained (archaeology)
A
excavation
8
Q
Two main types of archaeological study:
A
pre-historic, historic
9
Q
Pre-historic archaeology studies:
A
ancient and preliterate cultures
10
Q
Historic archaeology examines:
A
literate societies through documents and material remains
11
Q
Physical anthropology examines:
A
biological evolution of Homo sapiens, physical variation among human populations, compares human anatomy and behavior to other primate species
12
Q
Specializations of physical anthropology:
A
primatology, human variations, and paleoanthropology
13
Q
Primatology studies:
A
evolution, anatomy, adaptation, and behavior of primates to understand humans
14
Q
Examples of primatology:
A
Dian Fossey, Jane Goodall
15
Q
Human variation examines:
A
genetics, growth and development, and biological plasticity
16
Q
Paleoanthropology examines:
A
long-term biological evolution of humans from fossil records and DNA studies
17
Q
Cultural Anthropology examines:
A
social and cultural differences and similarities among contemporary and historically recent cultures
18
Q
Cultural Anthropology investigates through:
A
intensive fieldwork
19
Q
define ethnography:
A
writing about people
20
Q
define ethnology:
A
comparative study of cultural studies
21
Q
define anthropology:
A
studying and documenting the cultures of particular human groups
22
Q
anthropology explains:
A
behavior through cross-cultural comparison
23
Q
anthropology examines:
A
interrelationships among cultural dimensions ex: economics and religion
24
Q
anthropology is understanding:
A
causes and consequences of cultural change
24
anthropology enhances:
understanding and appreciation of cultural differences
24
examples od anthropological linguistics:
speaking, signs, symbols
24
ways to collect data:
research, interviews, audio, recordings
25
define anthropological linguistics:
relationships between language and culture
25
define anthropological linguistics:
relationships between language and culture
26
examples od anthropological linguistics:
speaking, signs, symbols
27
Historical linguistics examines:
how languages change over time and how they are related
28
structural linguistics examines:
how language differs in constructions
29
sociolinguistics examines:
how languages differ in social settings
30
applied anthropology is:
application of anthropological skills, knowledge, and methods to identifying and solving contemporary problems
31
define relative perspective:
no culture is inherently superior or inferior to another
32
examples of specialization of applied anthropology:
medical, cultural resource management, developmental education
33
define culture:
unique or distinctive concepts of people's beliefs and customs. how they perceive things, behavior
34
define comparative perspective:
must take into account the full range of cultural diversity to make generalized theories about humans
35
define relative perspective:
no culture is inherently superior or inferior to another
36
culture is shared by:
a group
37
define culture:
unique or distinctive concepts of people's beliefs and customs. how they perceive things, behavior
38
who formally defined culture?
Edward Tyler
39
What is culture?
culture consists of "shared, socially learned, knowledge and patterns of behavior"
40
culture is shared by:
a group
41
define enculturation or socialization:
process through which one learns the culture of their group. a normal part of growing up and/or participating in a group. NOT GENETIC (observation, imitation, taught)
42
social learning of culture includes:
observation, imitation, transmitted through generations
43
culture is learned:
socially
44
define enculturation or socialization:
process through which one learns the culture of their group. a normal part of growing up and/or participating in a group. NOT GENETIC (observation, imitation, taught)
45
social learning of culture includes:
observation, imitation, transmitted through generations
46
"behavior" is often shaped by..
roles (rights and duties), expectations, and sanctions
47
define cultural knowledge:
what a group knows and understands. ex: meaningful and acceptable knowledge, attitudes, rules, beliefs, assumptions, how to build shelter, clothing, religion
48
cultural knowledge guides..
behavior
49
cultural groups share...
behavioral patterns
50
"behavior" is often shaped by..
roles (rights and duties), expectations, and sanctions
51
culture can be adaptive or..
maladaptive
52
culture is..
expressive
53
elements of cultural knowledge:
norms, values, symbols. classification of reality, world views
54
define norms:
shared ideas, standards, or rules guiding how people within a group should act ex: go to school, work, manners
55
define cultural constructions of reality:
people of similar culture agree on how nature, objects, groups, and other phenomena should be categorized ex: what we consider food, how we perceive time
56
define symbols:
represents or calls to mind something else ex: stop sign, wink. secret handshake. thumbs up
57
define arbitrary symbols:
no inherent qualities of the symbol provide meaning
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define cultural constructions of reality:
people of similar culture agree on how nature, objects, groups, and other phenomena should be categorized ex: what we consider food, how we perceive time
59
why do we need culture?
adaptation, interpretation, organization
60
define cultural determinism:
belief that culture determines or dictates behavior (not true)
61
define biological determinism:
belief that physical (genetic/biological) differences explained cultural differences
62
conventional symbols are:
agreed upon by a group
63
Do physical differences cause cultural differences?
No
64
Can a person of any physical type learn any culture?
Yes
65
define ethnographic method:
involves collection of data from one or more societies
66
define comparative method (ethnology):
involve comparing ethnographic data from several societies to test general hypothesis about culture
67
define ethnoarchaeology:
obtaining info about a group of people from studying living members of the group
68
define participant observation:
involves living with a group, observing their daily lives, and participating in their activities
69
define structured interviews:
limited number of ?s designated to elicit responses, often use questioners
70
what kind of data are structured interviews best for:
"basic" data
71
define unstructured interviews:
open-ended ?s to get responders to provide elaborated, descriptive answers
72
define participant observation:
involves living with a group, observing their daily lives, and participating in their activities
73
define emic research:
focuses on local (insiders) explanations, categories, and criteria of significance
74
personal challenges:
stereotyping, developing roles, identifying and interviewing consultants, psychological and physical trauma (culture shock)
75
define genealogical method:
tracing ancestries or family trees to understand kinship and social relations
76
define life histories:
focusing on one individual in a society and recording a detailed account of that person's experience as a member of the community
77
challenges of fieldwork:
ethical challenges, moral dilemmas, obligations to profession, obligations to protect community
78
personal challenges:
stereotyping, developing roles, identifying and interviewing consultants, psychological and physical trauma (culture shock)
79
define ethnohistory:
study of past cultural systems through the use of written historical records. ex: journals, books, maps, drawings, songs
80
challenges in survey research
1. selecting a representative sample 2. correctly isolating relevant variables
81
3 basic steps if cross-cultural comparison:
1. state the idea to examine a testable hypothesis. 2. choose a sample of societies and study ethnographics 3. organize data, identify and group variables to statistically test for meaningful correlation
82
define controlled historical comparison:
examine changes over time in a particular societies to understand pattern in culture or test hypothesis
83
define survey research:
common in study of large-scale societies. involves sampling, collecting data, statistical analysis
86
challenges in survey research
1. selecting a representative 2. correctly isolating relevant variables
87
People associated with unilineal evolution:
Lewis Henry (savagery-barbarism-civilization), Edward Tyler (animism-polytheism-monotheism-science)
88
Problems of unilineal evolution:
speculative, inaccurate, ethnocentric
89
define Historical Particularism
each culture has its own unique history and must be studied on its own terms
90
Historical particularism emphasizes:
history, culture, cultural uniqueness, Franz Boaz
91
Contributions of historical particularism:
discredited unilineal evolution, advocated fieldwork, advocated cultural relativism
92
define functionalism:
cultural features of a group should be explained by function they perform
93
Problems of functionalism:
ignores individual agency
94
advantages of functionalism:
emphasizes the integration of different aspects, emphasized fieldwork
95
symbolic anthropology-person and ideas
victor turner- focused on how symbols are used and given meaning at individual group levels, close relationship to psycology
96
structuralism person:
claude levi strauss -mental structures shared by all humans leading to similarities in how we think
97
applied anthropology:
applying anthropological data, theory, methods, and perspectives to social and cultural problems
98
development anthropology:
focuses on economic development. anthropologists help plan and carry out economic development policies
99
5 properties of language:
multimedia potential, displacement, discreteness, arbitrariness, productivity
100
multimedia potential:
language can be transmitted through a variety of media: speech, language, writing, sign language, braille, etc
101
discreteness;
language is composed of discrete units combined in different sequences to convey different meanings
102
arbitrariness:
relationship between sounds that make up works and meaning of words
103
productivity:
languages finite number of words can be combined to create infinite number of meaningful sentences
104
displacement:
refers to our ability to talk about things that are remote or abstract : time, space, etc
105
grammar:
system of linguistic knowledge including: what sounds occur, rules for combining, meanings of particular sequences
106
dialect:
variations in grammar of a single language
107
phonology:
study of sound systems
108
phonological system:
consists of the sounds that occur in a language and patterns
109
phoneme
smallest unit of sounds that speakers unconsciously recognize
110
words
combinations of phonemes to which a group attaches meaning
111
lexicon
all the words that make up a particular language
112
morpheme
sequence of phonemes that carry meaning
113
morphology
study of meaningful sound sequences and their rules of formation
114
free morphemes
morphemes that can stand alone as words ex: tree
115
bound morphemes
attach to free morphemes to change meaning ex: anti, pre, ist
116
nonverbal communication
how we move our bodies, including expressions, special relationships, touch, silence, symbols
117
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
a language influences the perceptions and thought patterns of who speak it, and this conditions their world view
118
sociolinguistics
study of how speech behavior is affected by culture
119
historical linguistics
focuses how language changes over time
120
protolanguage
language that is ancestral to several daughter languages
121
cognates
words that are similar in the sound and meaning, suggesting they share the same root
122
what causes language divergence
isolating physical and social facture: mountains, rivers, oceans, political interactions, boundaries, class, ethnicities
