Exam 2 Study

Question 1

Define Ethnic Group

Answer 1

a group that shares beliefs, customs, and norms. Often common language, religion, history, geography, and kinship

Question 2

Ethnic groups are defined

Answer 2

internally (by group members) and externally (by others)

Question 3

Define Ethnic Boundary Markers

Answer 3

overt ways to demonstrate ethnic group membership.

Question 4

Define Race:

Answer 4

an ethnic group assumed to have biological base

Question 5

Define Racism

Answer 5

discrimination against a group because of their beliefs

Question 6

Race is a _ category not a _ reality

Answer 6

cultural, biological

Question 7

Problems with race:

Answer 7

used to justify, explain, and maintain privileged social positions

Question 8

Define Nation:

Answer 8

an independent, centrally organized political unit

Question 9

Ethnicity is affected by:

Answer 9

social situations

Question 10

Define Nationality:

Answer 10

ethnic group that associates with a particular geographic region which they have, or believe that they have inclusive rights

Question 11

Define subnationality:

Answer 11

ethnic group that lacks homeland and is associate rights. Often politically subordinate to a nationality.

Question 12

Define Transational:

Answer 12

member of an ethnic community located outside of his/her country of origin and homeland

Question 13

3 strategies for peaceful co-existence:

Answer 13

assimilation, plueral societies, multiculturalism

Question 14

Define assimilation:

Answer 14

process of change in which z minority ethnic group adopts the culture of its host culture. (can be forced or passive)

Question 15

Traditional forms of solutions to ethnic conflict:

Answer 15

ethnic homogenization (blend in with home country), Segregation (separation)

Question 16

accommodation:

Answer 16

make sacrifices for peaceful coexistence

Question 17

situational nature of ethnic identify:

Answer 17

differs depending on setting

Question 18

sources of ethnic conflict:

Answer 18

prejudice, discrimination, lost homeland

Question 19

4 main type of adaptation in traditional economies:

Answer 19

foraging, horticulture, agriculture, pastoralism(herding)

Question 20

define adaptation:

Answer 20

process which organisms develop physiological and behavioral

Question 21

define foraging:

Answer 21

oldest “food getting” strategy. involves gathering wild plants and hunting animals in a region. emphasis on WILD.

Question 22

Define domestication;

Answer 22

intentional planting and cultivation of selected plants and taming and breeding od certain species of animals. allows control of numbers and locations of species

Question 23

define cultivation:

Answer 23

people intentionally plant, tend, and harvest crops. refer to domestication

Question 24

define horticulture:

Answer 24

cultivation of crops using mainly or exclusively human muscle power and hand tools.

Question 25

2 varieties of horticulture:

Answer 25

shifting (slash and burn, swidden), and dry land gardening

Question 26

nomadism:

Answer 26

movement of entire family and all goods

Question 27

transhumance:

Answer 27

movement of animal herds while maintaining a permanent village

Question 28

3 types of reciprocity:

Answer 28

generalized, balanced, negative

Question 29

define generalized reciprocity

Answer 29

giving goods with no expectation of return of equal value at any time in the future

Question 30

when does generalized reciprocity occur:

Answer 30

between people who have emotional attachment

Question 31

define balanced reciprocity:

Answer 31

goods of roughly equal value are exchanged, donor expects or demands a return by specific time

Question 32

when does balanced reciprocity:

Answer 32

trade relationships, gifts of symbolic value, maintenance of social relationships, political purposes

Question 33

define negative reciprocity:

Answer 33

both parties attempt to gain all they can from the exchange while giving up as little as possible

Question 34

define social distance:

Answer 34

it dictates the kind of reciprocity. the degree to which cultural norms specify that two individuals or groups should be helpful to, intimate with, or emotionally attached to one another

Question 35

define redistribution:

Answer 35

goods are collected from many individuals or groups and combined in a central pool or fund. (shares with everyone) ex: taxes

Question 36

negative aspects of redistribution:

Answer 36

often results in conflict over how resources are collected

Question 37

define market exchange:

Answer 37

products sold for money

Question 38

4 requirements for market exchange:

Answer 38

1. money: medium of exchange. 2. prices: rates for which goods and services are exchanged. 3.prices determined by supply and demand: parties have alternative buyers and sellers. 4. private properties: most products are privately owned by individuals or groups

Question 39

group from film that demonstrates balanced reciprocity:

Answer 39

kula ring

Question 40

how do market economies effect people:

Answer 40

family, social relationships, value on material consumption (Buy! Spend!), lowered value on social responsibility

Question 41

4 basic forms of political organization;

Answer 41

bands, tribes, chiefdoms, states

Question 42

Info on Bands:

Answer 42

probably the earliest form of political organization, least complex and smallest

Question 43

define simple bands:

Answer 43

usually just extended family, political leadership very informal, elder male family member serves as leader, group decisions, non-migratory game animals

Question 44

define composite bands:

Answer 44

composed of several families, including unrelated family, group can number in the hundreds, informal leadership (more defined that simple): "Big man"-informal position of leadership based on influence not authority, seasonal hunting of migratory herd animals ex: Comanche

Question 45

Define Influence:

Answer 45

ability to convince people to act as you suggest

Question 46

Define Authority:

Answer 46

the recognized right of one individual to command another to act in a particular way

Question 47

"Big man"-

Answer 47

informal position of leadership based on influence not authority`

Question 48

Tribes:

Answer 48

tribes have institutions called "sodalities" that unite communities making them politically more cohesive than bands ex: Cheyenne

Question 49

define sodalities;

Answer 49

social units that crosscut geographically dispersed communities to unite them politically; may be based on large kinship (clans, lineages), or non-kin based (warrior societies)

Question 50

Define Chiefdoms:

Answer 50

multi-community political units with formalized and centralized political systems. single chief recognized as political and religious authority of entire group. ex: Tahitans

Question 51

define states:

Answer 51

large complex societies usually comprised of people of varying cultures and ethnicities, strongly centralized political institutions, non-kin based, integrate large areas, ex Inca Empire

Question 52

define social control:

Answer 52

way which behaviors can be constrained into socially acceptable (learned through enculturation)

Question 53

informal sanctions:

Answer 53

gossip, ridicule, social ostracism, economical sanctions

Question 54

define law:

Answer 54

highest form of social control, publicly recognized individual or group is authorized to settle cases and punish violations

Question 55

define gender stratification:

Answer 55

the degree to which groups apace material and social rewards based on gender

Question 56

What biological differences might explain sexual division:

Answer 56

fertility maintenance, reproductive roles, physical strength, compatibility with childcare.

Question 57

define gender crossing;

Answer 57

custom by which one sex is permitted to adopt the roles and behaviors of the opposite sex with little or no punishment

Question 58

Multiple gender identities

Answer 58

individuals do not become "like" the opposite sex they become a third or fourth gender. (man-woman, woman-man)

Question 59

descent group:

Answer 59

permanent social unit whose members believe they share a common ancestor

Question 60

Unilineal descent:

Answer 60

descent is traced through one gender line (male or female)

Question 61

Patrilineal descent:

Answer 61

descent is traced through males (fathers side)

Question 62

Matrilineal descent:

Answer 62

descent is traced through females (mothers side)

Question 63

Lineages

Answer 63

based on demonstrated descent. members must know how they are related to a common ancestor

Question 64

clans:

Answer 64

based on stipulated descent. members don't know exactly how they relate to ancestor, usually due to greater generational depth. (clans often have a symbolic ancestor: plant, animal, etc.)

Question 65

bilateral descent:

Answer 65

relation traced equally through both genders but is an "ego focused" system, not ancestor focused. common in western culture

Question 66

What factors influence kinship?

Answer 66

environmental adaptations, pattern of inheritance, organization of labor

Question 67

sexual dimorphism

Answer 67

genitals

Question 68

patriarchy

Answer 68

societies in which men dominate

Question 69

cultural construction of gender:

Answer 69

people construct perceptions on how we behave towards different genders (stereotypes)

Question 70

cultural construction of kinship:

Answer 70

regardless on biological, don't distinguish cousins