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EXAM 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

define kin group:

A

organized, cooperative group based on kinship relationship

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2
Q

define household:

A

a group that lives in the same house or compound and cooperates and shares resources

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3
Q

define nuclear family

A

mom, dad, siblings

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4
Q

define extended family

A

refers to all of your culturally recognized relatives of varying degrees of distance

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5
Q

define marriage

A

formalization and legitimization of the relationship between two individuals. In America marriage is/has a relationship between man and woman involving love, sex, cohabitation, share life experiences, and raising children

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6
Q

3 important functions of marriage:

A

forms stable social relationships that provide for material needs, social support, and enculturation of children….defines rights and obligations couples have to each other and to others….creates new relationships between families and other kin groups

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7
Q

define exogamy:

A

“out marriage” do not marry inside your family

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8
Q

endogamy;

A

“in marriage” requires someone to marry within their social groups

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9
Q

define monogamy:

A

1 spouse

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10
Q

define polygyny;

A

man is allowed multiple wives

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11
Q

define polyandry

A

woman is allowed multiple husbands

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12
Q

define polygamy

A

practice of having plural spouses

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13
Q

advantages of polygyny:

A

for women: ensures marriage and children, ensures economic resources for children, confers status, reduces work load. men: improves status, enlarges kin support network, larger work force

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14
Q

disadvantages of polygyny:

A

rivalry among wives, jealousy over favoritism, shortage of brides

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15
Q

advantages of polyandry:

A

for men: preservation of family property and resources, division of labor. for women: less physical labor, higher standard of living

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16
Q

disadvantages of polyandry:

A

rivalry, jealousy, conflict leads to split of property

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17
Q

define bridewealth:

A

gift or payment to bride’s family. most common form of marital exchange

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18
Q

define bride service:

A

husband required to provide labor service to bride’s family

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19
Q

define dowry:

A

brides family transfers wealth to a woman and or grooms family

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20
Q

what factors influence post marital residence patterns?

A

no single factor, property rights and inheritance forms are important

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21
Q

define patrilocal residence:

A

productive resources held by man, inheritance from father to sons

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22
Q

define matrilocal residence:

A

productive resources owned by women and female labor key to subsistence

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23
Q

define ambiolcal and bilocal residence:

A

inheritance and resources pass through both sexes, male and female labor key, (common among foragers)

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24
Q

define neolocal residence:

A

common in modern industrial nations, job availability forces people to move, independence from family for productive resources

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25
what is the significance of post-marital patterns to anthropologists?
residence patterns have a large effect on kinds of family relationships important in communities, residence patterns affect the kinds of household and family units found in a culture (nuclear, extended, etc)
26
Tylor's concept of animism:
derives from need to explain experience, related to concept of soul, animism-polytheism-monotheism. Includes supernatural forces and supernatural beings
27
define mana:
traditional Polynesia
28
define monotheism:
belief in one god
29
define polytheism:
belief in multiple gods
30
define ritual:
organized performance of behaviors, intended to influence spiritual powers
31
define rite of passage:
public ceremony that recognizes, celebrates or changes a persons status.
32
3 broad answers to why there is religion: intellectual/cognitive approach:
humans seek understanding and explanation, religion provides framework, gives meaning to world
33
3 broad answers to religion: Psychological approach:
religion helps people cope with troubling times, provides emotional and psychological purpose
34
3 broad answers to religion: sociological
religion supports social order, instills and maintains values, fosters conformity to cultural norms, promotes cooperation, promises rewards and punishments
35
define magic
imitative principle (voodoo) and contagious principle
36
define sorcery
performance of rites and spells intended to cause supernatural harm
37
define witchcraft:
use of psychic power alone to cause harm to others
38
difference between sorcery and witchcraft:
sorcery uses spells, witchcraft involves psychological powers
39
similarities between sorcery and witchcraft:
believed to be socially harmful, accusations are culturally patterned, explains unfortunate events and allows ppl act on it, reinforces positive norms/values, allows outlet for aggression by people, forms of social control.
40
Wallace distinguishes 4 major types of religions:
shamanistic, communal, Olympian, monotheistic
41
define shamanic religion:
only particular individuals-shamans-have relationship with supernatural, not full time religious specialists, access to spiritual helpers, enter altered state of consciousness, shaman becomes medium
42
define communal religion:
members of a particular group gather periodically to perform rituals that benefit the group and members, no full time religious specialists, have ritual leaders, tend to be polytheistic,
43
define Olympian and monotheistic religion:
full time religious practitioners who form a hierarchy organized religious bureaucracy, rituals are calendric, priesthood supported by government through taxes
44
define totem:
a natural object or an animate being, as an animal or bird, assumed as the emblem of a clan, family, or group
45
define revitalization movements:
organized movements to preserve a way of life or cope with dramatic culture change
46
Under what sorts of sociocultural conditions do revitalization movements tend to occur?
rapid change, foreign domination, perception of relative deprivation
47
What are some of the key aspects common to revitalization movements?
originate with a prophet claiming spiritual vision...information about what is wrong with present world, vision of new world and directions on how to achieve it, often revelations are apocalyptic
48
define syncretism:
combining traditional beliefs, myths, and rituals with introduced elements
49
What are some examples of revitalization movements?
Melanesian cargo cults, Native American peyote religions
50
How do ecclesiastical religions (Olympian and monotheistic religions) differ from other types of religions?
rituals in temple or churches, distinction between priest and layperson, rituals benefit entire population
51
define Fundamentalism
is the demand for a strict adherence to orthodox theological doctrines usually understood as a reaction against Modernist theology
52
define art:
quality, production, expression, or realm of what is beautiful or of more than ordinary significance"
53
define aesthetic:
qualities that make objects, actions, or languages more beautiful or pleasurable, according to culturally relative and variable standards
54
define body art:
alterations of physical appearance. ex: tattoos, piercings, hair color, plastic surgery
55
define visual art:
made from tangible objects. ex: painting, sculptures, clothing, etc
56
define performance art:
meant to be seen, heard, or performed. ex: plays, dance, signing, theatre, drama
57
define folk art:
encompasses art produced from an indigenous culture or by peasants or other laboring tradespeople
58
What sorts of thing do we express through art that are socially important?
expression of personal individuality, group social identity, especially ethnicity, expression of social status
59
define westernization:
assimilation of Western culture; the social process of becoming familiar with or converting to the customs and practices of Western civilization
60
define cultural imperialism:
is the practice of promoting a more powerful culture over a least known or desirable culture
61
define globalization:
process of integrating the nations and peoples of the world economically, socially, politically, and culturally into a single system or community
62
define diaspora:
offspring of an area who have spread to many land
63
What sorts of environmental problems are associated with global economic development?
climate change, greenhouse effect
64
define capitalist world economy:
a single world system committed to production for sale or exchange with goal of maximizing profits rather than supplying domestic needs
65
define core:
the geographic center, the dominant position in the world system includes the strongest and most powerful nations
66
define periphery:
world's least privileged and powerful countries
67
define semiperiphery:
intermediate between core and periphery
68
define imperialism:
refers to a policy of extending the rule of a country over a foreign nation. taking over
69
define communism:
political system in which property is owned by the community; people working for the common good
70
define intervention philosophy:
ideological justification for outsiders to guide or rule native peoples
71
define neoliberalism:
principle that governments shouldn't regulate private enterprise
72
define colonialism:
long-term foreign control of a territory and its people
73
define transnational corporation
Any corporation that is registered and operates in more than one country at a time; also called a multinational corporation
74
What major changes occurred after World War II that affected the emergence of a global economy?
disintegration of colonial empire and associated political barriers to trade, development of new technologies associated with production, transportation, and communication, emergence of international finance
75
What effects did industrialization have on social stratification?
WTO trying to eliminate regulations, independent currency remains issue, growth of transnational corporations occurring, half worlds population is poor
76
What is “free trade” and how does it relate to a fully integrated global economy?
international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions
77
How are modern ethnic and political identities related to colonialism? How might this relate to modern political and ethnic conflicts?
Diseases introduced by European colonists decimated a lot of native populations in Africa, Americas, Polynesia, etc.. Remaining populations were often relocated for labor purposes, and native ethnic and political groups were dismantled, recombined, and essentially recreated by the colonial governments. When colonialism ended and colonial governments left, the native populations were left in disarray. Many groups had lost their traditional homelands and political power relations, which has resulted in much political and ethnic conflict as groups try to reestablish traditional or historical claims that no longer exist. Your book gives the example of the Tutsis and Hutus in Rwanda

Anthropology (4 decks)

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