Exam 1 terminology

Question 1

undesired, unpleasant, and/or dangerous responses to a drug

Answer 1

adverse effects

Question 2

beneficial or harmful undesired response to a drug

Answer 2

side effects

Question 3

hypersensitivity to a drug that elicits an immune response - can range from mild to severe

Answer 3

allergic reaction

Question 4

assessed by anxiety, weakness, itching and hives, decreased breathing sounds, feeling of a lump in the throat, hoarseness, and stridor

Answer 4

anaphylaxis

Question 5

patient following a treatment plan

Answer 5

adherence

Question 6

drug order that is given immediately - within minutes

Answer 6

STAT

Question 7

drug order the is available for administration within a 30 minute time frame

Answer 7

ASAP

Question 8

drug order that is given within 2 hours

Answer 8

routine order

Question 9

drug order that is given out under specific conditions

Answer 9

standing order

Question 10

drug order that is given as needed for pain

Answer 10

PRN

Question 11

orally administered drug is carried directly to the liver after absorption where it may largely be inactivated before entering general circulation

Answer 11

first-pass effect

Question 12

what are the general steps of the first-pass effect?

Answer 12

1. absorption
2. enters hepatic circulation
3. metabolized into inactive form
4. conjugates and leaves liver
5. distributed

Question 13

drug administration PO

Answer 13

enteral route

Question 14

what are examples of enteral route?

Answer 14

• tablets/capsules
• sublingual
• buccal
• rapid dissolving tablets and films
• nasogastric
• gastrostomy

Question 15

drug administration via needle into the skin layers, subcutaneous tissue, muscles, or veins

Answer 15

parenteral route

Question 16

drug administration into the dermis layer of the skin @ 10-15 degree angle with minimal drug volumes

Answer 16

intradermal injection

Question 17

what are the locations on the body where a nurse can do intradermal injections?

Answer 17

• upper back
• over scapulae
• high upper chest
• inner forearm

Question 18

drug administration into the deepest layer of the skim @ 45-90 degree angle

Answer 18

subcutaneous injection

Question 19

what are the locations on the body where a nurse can do subcutaneous injections?

Answer 19

• upper arm
• anterior thigh
• abdominal areas
• upper dorsogluteal and ventrogluteal

Question 20

drug administration into specific muscles @ 90 degrees away from bone, large blood vessels, and nerves

Answer 20

intramuscular injection

Question 21

what are the locations on the body where a nurse can do intramuscular injections?

Answer 21

• ventrogluteal
• deltoid
• dorsogluteal
• vastus lateralis

Question 22

drug administration directly into the bloodstream - large volume and intermittent infusions, bolus

Answer 22

intravenous injection

Question 23

amount of drug required to produce a therapeutic effect

Answer 23

minimum effective concentration (MEC)

Question 24

range between minimum effectiveness and toxic concentrations

Answer 24

therapeutic level

Question 25

a higher amount of drug is administered to "prime" the bloodstream with a sufficient level

Answer 25

loading dose

Question 26

amount of time until a therapeutic effect will begin

Answer 26

onset of drug action

Question 27

highest drug concentration in the bloodstream at a specific time - also the time a patient is at their biggest risk for adverse effects

Answer 27

peak plasma level

Question 28

maintaince of therapeutic effect from a drug

Answer 28

duration of drug action

Question 29

well understood drug that is used to compare drugs in the same pharmacologic class

Answer 29

prototype drug

Question 30

original designation that a drug is given when the drug company that developed it applies for the approval process

Answer 30

generic name

Question 31

name given to a drug by a pharmaceutical company that developed it

Answer 31

brand name

Question 32

what does brand name and generic name drugs have in common?

Answer 32

same strength, dosage form, administration route, and inactive ingredients

Question 33

what are the 5 medication rights?

Answer 33

1. patient 2. drug 3. dose 4. route 5. time

Question 34

process of accurately tracking medications (OTC, prescriptions, herbals, etc.) as the patient proceeds from one healthcare provider to another

Answer 34

medication reconciliation

Question 35

study of a drug's movement throughout the body and how the body deals with the drug

Answer 35

pharmacokinetics

Question 36

what are the 4 pharmacokinetic phases?

Answer 36

1. absorption 2. distribution 3. metabolism 4. excretion

Question 37

what factors can affect absorption of a drug?

Answer 37

- drug formulation - dosage - size of the drug molecule - surface area - blood flow - drug-drug or drug-food interactions

Question 38

what is the concept of protein and drug binding?

Answer 38

- medications compete for protein binding sites within the bloodstream - once a medication is bound to a protein, it is inactive - need to examine protein levels of the patient: if they are malnourished, they will not have a lot of protein and need a lower dose to achieve therapeutic effects

Question 39

drugs that are taken together as a total

Answer 39

addition drug-drug interaction

Question 40

action of drugs taken together that result in a stronger effect

Answer 40

synergism drug-drug interaction

Question 41

actions of drugs taken together with blocked or opposite effects

Answer 41

antagonism drug-drug interaction

Question 42

actions of drugs taken together shifting another drug at a nonspecific protein-binding site - altering the desired effect

Answer 42

displacement drug-drug interaction

Question 43

what are the 4 different types of drug-drug interactions?

Answer 43

1. addition 2. synergism 3. antagonism 4. displacement

Question 44

what factors can affect excretion of a drug?

Answer 44

- liver and kidney impairment - blood flow - degree of ionization of the drug - lipid solubility of the drug - drug protein complexes - metabolic activity - pH - respiratory, glandular, and biliary activity

Question 45

what is the most accurate way to assess a patient's ability to excrete drugs?

Answer 45

creatinine clearance - a 24 hour urine test with a normal range of 85-135ml/min

Question 46

what are the most practical ways to assess a patient's ability to excrete drugs?

Answer 46

GFR - normal range of 90-120mL/min serum creatinine - normal range of 0.5-1.2mg/dL BUN - normal range of 7-20mg/dL

Question 47

drug administration to maintain plasma drug concentration in the therapeutic range

Answer 47

maintenance dose

Question 48

drug causes an action via stimulation producing the same response as an endogenous chemical

Answer 48

agonist

Question 49

drug steals or blocks receptor sites inhibiting a reaction

Answer 49

antagonist

Question 50

what are the checks of drug administration to reduce medication errors?

Answer 50

- checking the drug with the MAR when removing it - checking the drug when preparing it - checking the drug before administration

Question 51

initial contact with a patient and their chart with systemic data collection, organization, validation, and documentation

Answer 51

assessment phase of the nursing process for pharmacotherapy

Question 52

what are examples of data collected during the assessment phase?

Answer 52

- chronic conditions - allergies - drug use - education and understanding - support systems - reproductive health - medication administration - physical examination

Question 53

focus on the promotion of therapeutic drug effects to minimize adverse drug effects, toxicity, and maximizing the patient ability for self-care

Answer 53

analytic phase of the nursing process for pharmacotherapy

Question 54

what are examples of patient-centered care during the analytic phase?

Answer 54

- prioritizing information gathered - setting goals and desired patient outcomes to ensure safe and effective drug therapy - focusing on goals - selecting nursing intervention to assist patient

Question 55

following proper drug administration while providing comfort measures and education

Answer 55

planning phase of the nursing process for pharmacotherapy

Question 56

moving patient toward desired goals and optimal wellness requiring action by the nurse and the patient

Answer 56

implementation phase of the nursing process for pharmacotherapy

Question 57

what are examples of implementing goals during the implementation phase?

Answer 57

- therapeutic use and outcomes - monitoring side and adverse effects - medication administration - special requirements

Question 58

monitoring therapeutic effects, adverse effects, drug-drug; -food; -disease; - alternative therapy; -lab interactions, collecting and comparing data to goals and outcomes that can cause continuous, modification, or termination of the patient's care plan

Answer 58

evaluation phase of the nursing process for pharmacotherapy

Question 59

what are nursing considerations of each route of administration?

Answer 59

- needle sizes - angle of injection - injection technique - pharmacokinetic considerations - bypass of first-pass effect