Exam 1: The Spine Flashcards by Matthew Ratajczak

Primary Principles of Functional Anatomy (7)

The Language of Movement
Joint Structure
Line of Pull
Balance of Directional Forces
Muscle Roles
Leverage
Synthesis

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Joints classified by Tissue Type (3)

Fibrous - Connected with dense connective tissue (cranial, sutures, tibiofibular)

Cartilaginous - Joined by cartilage (1st sternocostal join, IV joints, epiphyses of long bones)

Synovial - Not directly joined; shared synovial cavity & articular capsule (most joints in the body)

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Cardinal Planes (3)

Sagittal - Vertical, passes front-to-back

Frontal (Coronal) - Vertical, passes side-to-side

Transverse - Horizontal, divides the body into upper and lower portions

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Joints classified by the Amount of Movement (3)

Synarthrosis - No movement (i.e. sutures)

Amphiarthrosis - Slight movement (i.e. symphyses, IV disks, & combination joints)

Diarthrosis - Freely moveable (i.e. synovial joints)

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Gliding Joint

Between two flat surfaces
Allows the least amount of movement of all synovial joints

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Ball and Socket Joint

Sphere shape of one surface fits into the concave shape of another
Capable of movement in all planes

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Condyloid Joint

Convex, oval-shaped end of one bone articulates with the basin-shaped end of another bone
Capable of movement in the sagittal and frontal planes (cannot rotate)

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Saddle Joint

Concave and convex contours on each bone
Capable of sagittal and frontal plane movement plus circumduction

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Hinge Joint

Convex shape of one bone sits in the concave shape of another
Allows movement in the sagittal plane only

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Pivot Joint

Allows one bone to rotate around another
Allows movement in the transverse plane

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Summation

When action potentials occur very frequently, muscle twitches merge and the force production becomes additive

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Synchronization

Action potentials occur simultaneously in multiple motor units at the same time

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Length-Tension Relationship

The maximal force produced is greatest at a muscle’s optimal length (usually perpendicular to the bone it is moving)

Less force is produced when the muscle is too short

Even less is produced when the muscle is too long (fully stretched hamstring curls are harder)

Total Tension = Active + Passive Force

Passive Force is the tension caused by elastic elements of muscles

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Force-Velocity Relationship

As the velocity of a concentric contraction increases, the force that a muscle can exert decreases

As the velocity of an eccentric contraction increases, the force of a muscle also increases

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Active Insufficiency

When shortened across multiple joints, a muscle fails to produce optimal force

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Passive Insufficiency

When lengthened across multiple joints, passive tension in the muscle prevent the simultaneous expression of full range of motion at all joints

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“Atlas” - Large Vertebral Foramen with a facet for the dens as well as an extremely small spinous process

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“Axis” - Articular prominence “dens” that articulates with C1 and a small spinous process

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“Vertebra Prominenes” - Longer spinous process, usually not forked

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C3-6

Normal vertebrae with forked spinous processes

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Attaches to the sternum, outer 1/3 of the clavicle, and the mastoid process of the cranium

Unilateral Contraction: Ipsilateral Side Bending & Contralateral Rotation

Bilateral Contraction: Upper Cervical Neck Extension & Mid-Lower Cervical Flexion

Sternocleidomastoid

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Comprised of the Iliocostalis, Longissimus, and Spinalis muscles

Attaches to a large portion of the posterior trunk

Unilateral Contraction: Ipsilateral Side Bending & Ipsilateral Rotation

Bilateral Contraction: Spinal Extension

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Erector Spinae

One of the Deep Cervical Neck Flexors

Primarily Innervated by C1 & C2

Secondary Innervation by C3

Attaches superiorly to the anterior occiput of the skull and inferiorly to the Anterior-Lateral Aspect (Transverse Processes) of C3-6

Unilateral Contraction: Ipsilateral Side Bending & Ipsilateral Rotation

Bilateral Contraction: Upper Cervical Flexion

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Longus Capitis

A Deep Cervical Neck Flexor

Attaches superiorly to the anterior aspect of C2-6 vertebral bodies and inferiorly to the anterior aspect of C3-T3 at the transverse processes

Unilateral Contraction: Ipsilateral Rotation & Ipsilateral Side Bending

Bilateral Contraction: Upper Cervical Flexion

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Longus Colli

One of the Tiny Back Muscles Attaches between adjacent spinous processes in the Cervical and Lumbar regions Unilateral Contraction: Negligible Action Bilateral Contraction: Spine Extension

Interspinalis

One of the Tiny Back Muscles Attaches between adjacent transverse processes in the Cervical and Lumbar regions Unilateral Contraction: Ipsilateral Side Bending Bilateral Contraction: Negligible Action

Intertransversarii

One of the Tiny Back Muscles Attaches to the transverse process of one vertebrae and the spinous process of a vertebrae 2-4 levels higher Found in Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar regions Unilateral Contraction: Contralateral Rotation Bilateral Contraction: Extension

Multifidus

One of the Tiny Back Muscles Attaches to the transverse process of one vertebrae and the spinous process of a vertebrae 1 level higher Found in the C, T, & L regions Unilateral Contraction: Contralateral Rotation Bilateral Contraction: Extension

Rotatores

3 Muscle Bellies (Anterior, Middle, & Posterior) Anterior Belly: Superiorly attaches to the transverse processes of C3-6. Inferiorly attaches to the tubercle of the inner border of the first rib and the upper surface of the rib in front of the subclavian groove Middle Belly: Superiorly attaches the transverse processes of C2-7. Inferiorly attaches to the upper face of the first rib Posterior Belly: Superiorly attaches to the transverse processes of C5-7. Inferiorly attaches to the second rib Unilateral Contraction: Ipsilateral Side Bending Bilateral Contraction: Neck Flexion

Scalenes

Superiorly attaches to the mastoid processes. Inferiorly attaches to the nuchal ligament and the spinous processes of C7-T3. Unilateral Contraction: Ipsilateral Side Bending & Ipsilateral Rotation Bilateral Contraction: Cervical Extension

Splenius Capitis

Superiorly attaches to the transverse processes of C1-4. Inferiorly attaches to the spinous processes of T3-6. Unilateral Contraction: Ipsilateral Rotation & Ipsilateral Side Bending Bilateral Contraction: Cervical Extension

Splenius Cervicis

Superiorly attaches to the occipital protuberance of the skull. Inferiorly attaches to the posterior lateral 1/3 of the clavicle, the medial margin of the acromion, and the superior crest of the scapular spine. Primarily Innervated by C3 Secondary Innervation by C4 and Cranial Nerve XI Unilateral Contraction: Contralateral Cervical Rotation & Ipsilateral Side Bending Bilateral Contraction: Cervical Extension

Upper Trapezius

Superiorly Attaches to the transverse processes of C1-4. Inferiorly attaches to the medial border of the scapula. Primarily Innervated by C4 Secondary Innervation by C3 and C5 Unilateral Contraction: Ipsilateral Rotation & Ipsilateral Side Bending Bilateral Contraction: Cervical Extension

Levator Scapula

Superiorly attaches to the articular processes of C4-7. Inferiorly attaches to the transverse processes of T1-6. Unilateral Contraction: Contralateral Rotation & Ipsilateral Side Bending Bilateral Contraction: Cervical Extension

Semispinalis

Neck Protraction Muscles

Mostly passive due to gravity. Sternocleidomastoid produces upper cervical extension and mid-lower cervical flexion

Neck Retraction Muscles

Upper Cervical Flexors: Longus Capitis Lower Cervical Extensors: Splenius Cervicis, Erector Spinae, Levator Scapulae, Semispinalis

Thoracic Osteology

Downward angled spinous processes Larger discs when moving inferiorly T1 is similar in size/morphology to C7

Types of Ribs (3)

True Ribs: 7 pairs, directly attached to the sternum False Ribs: 3 pairs, not directly attached to the sternum, connected via costal cartilages Floating Ribs: 2 pairs, no attachment to the sternum

Superficial Abdominals Attachments to Ribs 5-12, Linea Alba, & the Anterior Iliac Crest Unilateral Contraction: Ipsilateral Side Bending & Contralateral Rotation Bilateral Contraction: Trunk Flexion, Abdominal Compression, Stabilization

External Oblique

Intermediate Abdominals Attachments to the Pubic Symphysis, Cartilage of Ribs 5-7, Xyphoid Process of the Sternum Unilateral Contraction: None Bilateral Contraction: Trunk Flexion, Abdominal Compression, Stabilization

Rectus Abdominis

Intermediate Abdominals Attachments to the Thoracolumbar Fascia, Iliac Crest, Anterior Superior Iliac Crest, Linea Alba, & Inferior Ribs Unilateral Contraction: Ipsilateral Side Bending & Ipsilateral Rotation Bilateral Contraction: Trunk Flexion, Abdominal Compression, Stabilization

Internal Obliques

Deep Abdominals Attachments to the Inner rim of the Iliac Crest, Ribs 7-12, Anterior Superior Iliac Spine, Linea Alba, Pubic Bone Unilateral Contraction: None Bilateral Contraction: Abdominal Compression, Stabilization

Transversus Abdominis

Attachments to the Sternal, Costal, and Lumbar sections of the ribcage as well as to the Central Tendon Innervated by C3, 4, & 5 via the Phrenic Nerve Contraction: Inspiration via "doming," increases dimensions of the lung cavity

Diaphragm

Attachments to the inferior surface of the proximal ribs & the superior surface of the distal ribs Contraction: Inspiration

External Intercostals

Agonists of Quiet Breathing Inspiration

Diaphragm & External Intercostals

Agonists of Quiet Breathing Expiration

Little to no muscle effort

Agonists of Forced Breathing Inspiration

Sternocleidomastoid, Scalenes, & ANY muscle with attachments to the ribs

Agonists of Forced Breathing Expiration

Internal Intercostals, Abdominals (Rectus, External & Internal Obliques, Transversus)

Attachments to the Posterior Iliac Crest, Lateral Aspect of L1-4, and the Inferior 12th Rib Unilateral Contraction: Ipsilateral Lumbar Side bending if the pelvis is fixed, Contralateral Lateral Pelvic Rotation is the pelvis is mobile Bilateral Contraction: Weak Lumbar Extension

Quadratus Lumborum

Ipsilateral Side Benders

Upper Trapezius Sternocleidomastoid Levator Scapula Scalenes Longus Capitis Splenius Capitis Semispinalis Splenius Cervicis Longus Colli Erector Spinae Intertransversarii

Ipsilateral Rotators

Longus Capitis Longus Colli Levator Scapula Splenius Capitis Splenius Cervicis Erector Spinae

Contralateral Rotators

Semispinalis Rotatores Multifidus Upper Trapezius Sternocleidomastoid

Spine Flexors

Scalenes Longus Capitis Longus Colli Sternocleidomastoid - Low-Mid Cervical Flexion

Spine Extensors

Upper Trapezius Levator Scapula Splenius Capitis Splenius Cervicis Erector Spinae Rotatores Multifidus Semispinalis Interspinalis Sternocleidomastoid - Upper (Atlantooccipital) Cervical Extension

Exam 1: The Spine Flashcards

(54 cards)