Exam 1 topic list Flashcards
(201 cards)
1
Q
What is Kinesiology
A
Study of motion or human movement
2
Q
What is the main difference between anatomical and fundamental position?
A
Essentially the same but, palms are facing the body
3
Q
What is the vertical line passing through apex of axilla
A
Mid-axillary line
4
Q
Parallel to mid-axillary line and passes through anterior axillary skinfold
A
Anterior axillary line
5
Q
Parallel to mid-axillary line and passes through posterior axillary skinfold
A
Posterior axillary line
6
Q
Vertical line through spinous processes of spine
A
Vertebral line
7
Q
Vertical line on posterior surface of body passing through inferior angle of scapula
A
Scapula line
8
Q
Vertical line down body passing through midpoint of clavicle (R&L)
A
Mid-clavicular line
9
Q
Vertical line passing through middle of sternum
A
Mid-sternal line
10
Q
Away from the center or midline of the body, or away from the point of origin
A
Distal
11
Q
Nearest the trunk or the point of origin
A
Proximal
12
Q
From the center of the body out towards the distal
A
Proximodistal
13
Q
- Relating to the back; toward the back, posterior
- Top of foot
A
Dorsal
14
Q
Relating to the belly or abdomen, front
A
Ventral
15
Q
Palm or collar aspect of the hand
A
Palmar
16
Q
Sole or undersurface of the foot
A
Plantar
17
Q
Relating to lateral side of leg
A
Fibular
18
Q
Relating to medial side of leg
A
Tibial
19
Q
Relating to the lateral side of arm
A
Radial
20
Q
Relating to the medial side of arm
A
Ulnar
21
Q
_____ plan divides the body into 2 equal, left and right halves
A
Sagittal
22
Q
What is the axis of sagittal plane?
A
Frontal
23
Q
What movements are related to the sagittal plane?
A
Flexion and extension
24
Q
____ plane divides the body into anterior and posterior halves
A
Frontal plane
25
What is the axis of the frontal plane?
Sagittal
26
What movements are related to the frontal plane?
Abduction and adduction
27
____ plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions
Transverse plane
28
What axis is correlated with the transverse plane?
Longitudinal
29
What movements are related to the transverse plane?
Rotational
30
What are the skeletal functions?
- Protection of heart
- Support to maintain posture
- Points of attachment
- Mineral storage such as calcium and phosphorus
- Hemopoiesis
31
What are the 5 types of bones?
- Long bones
- Short bones
- Flat bones
- Irregular bones
- Sesamoid bones
32
What are the two long bones? (HF)
Humerus & fibula
33
What are two short bones? (CT)
Carpals & tarsals
34
What are two flat bones? (SS)
Skull & scapula
35
What are three irregular bones? (PEEo)
Pelvis, ethmoid, ear ossicles
36
What is an example of sesamoid bones?
Patella
37
Which of the 5 bones is composed of a long cylindrical shaft with wide, protruding ends?
Long Bones
38
Which of the 5 bones is small, cuboidal shaped, a solid bone that usually has a proportionally large articular surface in order to articulate with more than one bone?
Short bones
39
Which of the 5 bones usually has a curved surface and vary from thick where tendons attach to very thin?
Flat bones
40
Which of the 5 bones includes bones throughout entire spine, ischium, pubis, maxilla, ethmoid, and ear?
Irregular bones
41
Which of the 5 bones are small bones embedded within tendon of a musculotendinous unit that provide protection and improve mechanical advantage of musculotendinous units?
Sesamoid bones
42
Which bony feature is the long cylindrical shaft of bones?
Diaphysis
43
Which bony feature consist of membrane covering the outer surface of diaphysis?
Periosteum
44
Which bony feature is a hard compact bone forming walls of diaphysis?
Cortex
45
Which bony feature is a membrane that lines the inside of the cortex?
Endosteum
46
Which bony feature is between walls of diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow?
Medullary cavity
47
What bony feature is the end of long bones?
Epiphysis
48
Which bony feature is thin cartilage plate that separate diaphysis and epiphyses?
Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
49
Which bony feature covers the epiphysis and provides cushion and reduces friction?
Articular (hyaline) cartilage
50
What are the 3 major classification of joints? (SAD)
- Synarthrodial
- Amphiarthrodial
- Diarthrodial
51
What are immovable fibrous joints?
Synarthrodial joints
52
What are slightly movable joints?
Amphiarthrodial joints
53
What are synovial joints and freely movable?
Diarthrodial joints
54
Which type of joints have motion possible in one or more planes?
Diarthrodial joints
55
What are the six types of diarthrodial joints? (GTCAES)
- Ginglymus
- Trochoid
- Condyloidal
- Arthrodial
- Enarthrodial
- Sellar
56
What is an example of Synarthrodial joints? (SG)
Sutures & Gomphosis (teeth fitting into mandible)
57
What is an example of Amphiarthrodial joint? (SynSymSync)
- Syndesmosis: (tibia/fibula)
- Symphysis: pubis symphysis
- Synchondrosis: joint between ribs an sternum
58
What is the joint relationship between stability and mobility?
The more mobile a joint, the less stable and vice-versa.
59
What are the 5 major factors that affect total stability and consequently mobility of a joint? (BCLMP)
- Bones
- Cartilage
- Ligaments
- Muscles
- Proprioception
60
What is a goniometer?
Measures amount of movement in a joint
61
T/F: There are more than 600 muscles in the human body.
True
62
T/F: The human body weight consist of 40-50% muscles.
True
63
What are skeletal muscles responsible for?
- movement of body and all its joints
- protection
- stability
- posture and support
64
What is aggregate muscle action?
Muscles work in groups rather than independently to achieve a given joint motion
65
What are muscles usually named due to?
-visual appearance
- anatomical location
- function
66
What are the 2 major types of fiber arrangements?
Parallel & Pennate
67
What are parallel muscles?
Fibers arranged parallel to length of muscle
68
Parallel muscles produce ____ than similar sized Pennate muscles
Greater ROM
69
What are the 5 shapes of parallel muscles?
- Flat
- Fusiform
- Sphincter
- Radiate
- Strap
70
Which type of parallel muscle is usually thin, and broad, originating from fibrous sheet-like aponeuroses
Flat muscles
71
Rectus abdominis and external oblique are examples of which parallel muscle?
Flat muscles
72
Which parallel muscle is spindle shaped with a central belly that tapers to tendons on each end?
Fusiform muscles
73
The Brachialis and biceps brachii are examples of which parallel muscle?
Fusiform muscles
74
Which type of parallel muscle is more uniform in diameter with fibers arranged in a long parallel manner?
Strap muscles
75
The Sartorius and sternocleidomastoid are examples of which parallel muscle?
Strap muscle
76
The radiate muscle is a combined arrangement of which parallel muscles?
Flat and fusiform
77
The pectoralis major and trapezius are examples of which parallel muscle?
Radiate muscle
78
Which parallel muscle is a circular type muscle with endless strap muscles?
Sphincter muscle
79
The Orbicularis oris surrounding the mouth is an example of which type of parallel muscle?
Sphincter muscle
80
Which type muscle has shorter fibers and arranged obliquely to their tendons?
Pennate
81
How are pennate muscle categorized?
Upon arrangement between fibers and tendon
82
What are the three types of Pennate muscles?
- Unipennate
- Bipennate
- Multipennate
83
Which pennate muscles produce the strongest contractions?
Unipennate and Bipennate
84
Which Pennate muscle has fibers that run obliquely from a tendon on one side only?
Unipennate
85
The biceps femoris and tibialis posterior are examples of which type of pennate muscle?
Unipennate
86
Which pennate muscle has fibers that run obliquely on both sides from a central tendon?
Bipennate
87
The Rectus femoris is an example of which type of pennate muscle?
Bipennate muscle
88
What pennate muscle has several tendons with fibers running diagonally between them?
Multipennate
89
The deltoid is an example of which pennate muscle?
Multipennate
90
What are fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bones and other structures?
Tendons
91
T/F: two muscles may share a common tendon
True
92
T/F: A muscle may not have multiple tendons connecting it to 1+ bones
False; a muscle may
93
What is origin of a muscle?
Proximal attachment of a muscle or the part that attaches closest to the midline
94
What is insertion of a muscle?
Distal attachment or the part that attaches further from the midline
95
Between origin and insertion, which is the least movable part?
Origin
96
What is contraction?
Tension developed in a muscle as a result of stimulus
97
Which contraction is where active tension is developed within a muscle, but joint angles remain constant
Isometric
98
Which contraction is where muscle develops active tension to either cause or control movement?
Isotonic
99
What are the types of isotonic contractions?
Eccentric, Concentric, Isokinetic
100
Which Isotonic contraction lengthens the muscle?
Eccentric
101
Which Isotonic contraction has fixed movement speed?
Isokinetic
102
Which isotonic contraction shortens the muscle?
Concentric
103
Which type of contraction is described when; the resistance> Muscular force
Eccentric
104
Which type of contraction is described when; Muscular force> the resistance
Concentric
105
Which muscle has joint motions when contracting concentrically and are prime movers?
Agonist muscles
106
Which muscle is located on the opposite side of joint from agonist and have the opposite concentric action?
Antagonist muscles
107
Quadriceps muscles are ____ to hamstrings in knee flexion.
Antagonist
108
Bicep muscles are _____ to triceps in bicep curl.
Agonist
109
What muscles surround joint to provide firm base of support?
Stabilizer muscles
110
What muscles assist agonist muscles?
Synergist muscles
111
What is the term when 2+ muscles of a joint pull in different directions, causing an efficient rotation?
Force couples
112
What is responsible for muscle contraction?
Nervous system
113
What are the 5 levels of control of the CNS? (CcBgCBsSc)
- Cerebral cortex
- Basal ganglia
- Cerebellum
- Brain stem
- Spinal cord
114
Which part of the CNS has the highest level of control & voluntary movements of muscle action?
Cerebral cortex
115
Which part of the CNS controls posture, equilibrium, balance, and rhythmic activities?
Basal ganglia
116
Which part of the CNS controls sensory impulses, timing and intensity to refine movements?
Cerebellum
117
Which part of the CNS functions in arousal or maintaining a wakeful state?
Brain Stem
118
Which part of the CNS has specific control; pathway between CNS and PNS?
Spinal Cord
119
The PNS is divided into what two divisions?
Sensory & Motor
120
How do Sensory nerves work?
Bring impulses from receptors in skin to peripheral aspects of body to CNS
121
How do Motor nerves work?
Carry impulses to outlying regions of body from the CNS
122
Where do voluntary nerves carry impulses?
Skeletal muscles
123
Where do involuntary muscles carry impulses?
Heart, smooth muscles, and glands
124
How many cranial nerves are there?
12 pairs
125
Of the 12 cranial nerves, which are sensory?
1, 2, 8
126
Of the 12 cranial nerves, which are motor?
3, 4, 6, 11, 12
127
Of the 12 cranial nerves, which are motor and sensory?
5, 7, 9, 10
128
How many spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
129
What are the classes of spinal nerves in order and there quantity?
- Cervical: 8
- Thoracic: 12
- Lumbar: 5
- Sacral: 5
- Coccygeal: 1
130
What is the lumbosacral plexus composed of?
- Lumbar nerves
- Sacral nerves
- Coccygeal nerve
131
What is a neuron?
Basic functional units of nervous system responsible for generating and transmitting impulses
132
What are motor neurons?
Impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to muscle and tissue
133
What are sensory neurons?
Impulses to spinal cod and brain from all parts of body
134
What are interneurons?
Central or connecting neurons that conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons
135
What are proprioceptors?
Internal receptors which provide feedback relative to tension, length, position, and movements
136
What do proprioceptors work to accomplish?
Kinesthesis
137
What the muscle proprioceptors?
- muscles spindles
- Golgi tendon organs (GTO)
138
What are the joint/skin Proprioception? (MRPK)
- Meissners corpuscles
- Ruffini’s corpuscles
- Pacinian corpuscles
- Krause’s end-bulbs
139
Which proprioceptors detect joint changes?
Meissners corpuscles
Ruffini’s corpuscles
140
Which proprioceptors receives stimulus from touch?
Pacinian corpuscles
Krause’s end-bulbs
141
What is the all or none principle?
Regardless of number, individual muscle fibers within a given motor unit will either fire and contract maximally or not at all
142
What stimuli produces AP in some motor units?
Submaximal stimuli
143
What stimuli produces AP in all motor units of a particular muscle?
Maximal stimuli
144
What are the phases of muscle tension development in order? (SLpCpRp)
1. Stimulus
2. Latent Period
3. Contraction phase
4. Relaxation phase
145
What is length tension relationship?
Maximal ability of a muscle to develop tension and exert force varies depending upon the length of the muscle during contraction
146
What is an a example of length-tension relationship?
Squatting slight to stretch the calf
147
What is the stretch-shortening cycle?
An active stretch of a muscle followed by an immediate shortening of that same muscle
148
What is an example of stretch-shortening cycle?
When a jumper moves quickly downward immediately prior to jumping upward
149
Which muscles cross and act directly on the joint that they cross?
Uniarticular muscles
150
The Brachialis: pulls humerus and ulna together.
This is an example of which muscle articulation?
Uniarticular muscles
151
Which muscles cross and act on two different joints; causing motion at 1+ joints?
Biarticular muscles
152
Rectus Femoris muscle (crosses the hip and knee)
This is an example of which muscle articulation?
Biarticular muscles
153
Which muscles act on three or more joints?
Multiarticular muscles
154
Flexor digitorum superficialis (crosses humeroulnar, radiocarpal, metacapophalangeal and interphalangeal joints).
This is an example of which muscle articulation?
Multiarticular muscles
155
What are the types of machines in the body?
- Levers
- Wheels/axles
- Pulleys
156
In what four ways do machines function? (BEEA)
- Balance multiple forces
- Enhance force to overcome a resistance
- Enhance ROM & speed of movement
- Alters direction of the applied force
157
What is the most common machine in the body?
Levers
158
What is torque?
The rotary effect of a force about an axis of rotation
159
What is a force arm?
Distance between the location of force and axis
160
What is mechanical advantage?
Resistance/force
161
The _____ the lever, greater ____ it can produce.
Longer ; Force
162
The ______ the lever, the greater _____ it can produce.
Shorter ; speed
163
What is the 1st class lever?
F - A - R
164
What is the 2nd class lever?
A - R - F
165
What is the 3rd class lever?
A - F - R
166
Which lever multiplies speed & ROM when axis is closer to force (MA<1)?
1st class lever
167
Which lever multiplies force when axis is closer to resistance (MA>1)?
1st class lever
168
What are five examples of 1st class levers?
- seesaw
- scissors
- crowbar
- Head balanced on neck in extension
- Elbow extension in triceps
169
What lever produces or multiples force movements?
2nd class levers
170
Which levers large resistance can be moved by a relatively small force (MA>1)?
2nd class lever
171
What are 4 examples of 2nd class levers?
- wheelbarrow
- nutcracker
- loosening a lug nut
- raising the body up on toes
172
There is relatively few ____ levers in body.
2nd class
173
Which lever is the most common within the body?
3rd class lever
174
What lever produces or multiply speed & ROM or distance movements (MA>1)?
3rd class levers
175
Which lever requires a great deal of force to move a small resistance?
3rd class levers
176
What 4 examples of 3rd class levers?
- paddling a boat
- shoveling
- biceps at elbow
- biceps brachii in elbow flexion
177
What is the main purpose of wheels and axles in the body?
To enhance ROM & speed of movement in the musculoskeletal system
178
Wheels and axles are essentially which class of levers?
1st class
179
What is an example of wheels and axles in use?
Throwing mechanics
180
What is the purpose of the pulleys in the body?
To change effective direction of force application
181
What is an example of a pulley system in the body?
Lateral malleolus
182
What are the types of motion?
Linear & angular motion
183
What is linear motion?
Motion along a line
184
What is angular motion?
Rotation around an axis
185
What is displacement?
Change in the position or location of an object from its original point of reference
186
187
What is distance?
Actual sum length of measurement traveled
188
Which law states: “A body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed unless acted on by a force; a body at rest tends to remain at rest unless acted on by a force”?
Newtons 1st law
189
What are 2 examples of Newtons 1st law?
- A thrown ball requires a force to stop it
- Sprinter must apply considerable force to overcome resting inertia
190
Which of newtons law states: “ A change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it”?
Newtons 2nd Law
191
What is the formula for Newtons 2nd law?
Force = mass x acceleration
192
What is an example of Newtons 2nd law?
A much greater force is required from the muscles to accelerate a 230 lb man than to accelerate a 130 lb man to the same running speed
193
Which of Newtons laws states: “For every action there is an opposite and equal reaction”?
Newtons 3rd Law
194
What are the 3 types of friction?
- Static
- Kinetic
- Rolling
195
What is friction?
Force from the resistance between surfaces of two objects
196
Which is greater, static or kinetic friction?
Static
197
What is the ability to control equilibrium?
Balance
198
What is equilibrium?
No change in the speed or direction of the body
199
What is force?
Forces either push or pull an object to affect motion
200
What is momentum?
Quantity of motion
201
The greater the ______, the greater the ______ to change.
Momentum ; resistance
