EXAM 1-UNIT 1 Flashcards
(51 cards)
Scientific Method
observational studies
Deductive Reasoning
using generalizations to predict something specific
ex:All men are dumb. My friend Harry is a man therefore he is dumb.
Inductive Reasoning
making generalizations or generating theories from specific observations
ex:if you keep pulling out pennies from a bag of coins you make the observation that the bag is full of pennies
Atoms
the smallest unit of particles
Elements
the simplest form of matter each with distinct chemical and physical properties
What elements are most abundant in life?
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
Shells
outer shell represents the electrons with energy level
outer shell dictates chemical nature of elements
Orbitals
represent the probability of electron movement
it is a space filling model
Quanta
a system to show how much energy a particle can take by looking at the outer electron shell
ranges from K,L,M,N. K being the highest and N being the lowest
Compounds
atoms joined by bonds and behaves as a single unit
Ionic Bonds
the attraction btw a + charged ion and a - charged ion (donation of electrons)
very strong attraction
Covalent Bonds
shared electrons because they arent strong enough to completely take electrons
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
share electrons equally and very stable
ex: H : H
Polar Covalent Bonds
share electrons assymetrically
ex: H2O bc oxygen is electronegative and desires more electrons than hydrogen
Hydrogen Bonds
very weak
it is an attraction between a dell - and a dell + ions
it is a covalently bonded hydrogen atom to electronegative atom (water)
Hydrophobic Attractions
a form of hydrogen bonds
it is nonpolar molecules bonding because they cannot form hydrogen bonds due to being hydrophobic
ex: phospholipid bilayer
Electronegativity
tendency to draw in electrons
Properties of Water
Cohesion
Adhesion
High Specific Heat
Colligative Properties
Cohesion
water molecules attracted to other water molecules
ex: Surface Tension
Adhesion
water is attracted to polar compounds
ex: Capillary Action (water-glass)
High Specific Heat
how much energy is needed to raise the temperature of a substance
ex: during the summer, beach is warm because water is cool and releasing warm air
Colligative Properties
freezing point is at 0 degrees celsius and ice is less dense than liquid water
boiling point is at 100 degrees celsius
Auto-Ionizaiton
when water automatically dissociates
ex: when two water molecules dissociates into a hydronium and a hydroxyl
pH
the negative log of hydrogen ion concentration
