EXAM 1-UNIT 2

Question 1

Cell Theory

Answer 1

organisms composed of cells

cells are basic unit and cannot be subdivided

Question 2

Robert Hooke

Answer 2

in 1665 looked at plants (onions) and it was the first recognition of cells

Question 3

Anton Leeuwenhoek

Answer 3

in 1673 looked at pond water and he discovered animalcules

Question 4

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

Answer 4

nose yet

Question 5

Prokaryotes

Answer 5

Eubacteria and Archeal bacteria
dont have nucleus
refered to as a simple organism but isnt bc a cellular organism is much more simpler

Question 6

Eukaryotes

Answer 6

have true nucleus

have organells for certain functions

Question 7

Bacterial Organelles

Answer 7

cell wall 
capsule 
ribosomes 
flagella 
cytoskeleton 
nucleoid 
cytoplasm

Question 8

What organelles do animal and plant cells have in common?

Answer 8

Ribosomes 
Plasma Membrane 
Mitochondria 
Endoplasmic Reticulum 
Golgi Sacks 
Nucleus

Question 9

Nucleus

Answer 9

function: contains DNA and regulates activity of the cell
contains…
nuclear envelope
nuclear membrane
nuclear pores
nucleolus
chromatin

Question 10

Cytoplasm

Answer 10

has aqueous interior (cytosol liquid)

it is where the organelles float around

Question 11

Mitochondria

Answer 11

has a bilayer and two membranes
the matrix is the inner membrane liquid
has its own DNA

function: generates ATP(energy)

Question 12

Chloroplast

Answer 12

two bilayer membrane
the stroma is the inner membrane liquid
has its own DNA

function: to conduct photosynthesis and to carry out functions like fatty acid and protein synthesis

Question 13

Endosymbiosis

Answer 13

the fusion of 2 prokaryotes and evolution made it cell into a eukaryote

ex: Mitochondria and Chloroplast because it has two membranes and own circular DNA

Question 14

Vacuoles

Answer 14

holds pressure

used for water regulation and storage

Question 15

Rough ER

Answer 15

protein synthesis

Question 16

Smooth ER

Answer 16

lipid and carb synthesis (liver has alot of smooth ER)

Question 17

Golgi Body

Answer 17

helps process and package lipids and proteins and export them out the cell

Question 18

Lysosomes

Answer 18

protein degradation
getting rid of cellular waste
hold digestive enzymes until lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles

Question 19

Peroxisomes

Answer 19

very oxidative and help protect cells from oxidative environment

Question 20

Ribosomes

Answer 20

protein synthesis
composed of rRNA
have a large and small subunit (they take the message, read it, and make protein then they detach)

Question 21

Cytoskeleton

Answer 21

it contains actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

function:movement and provides pathways/structures for transport

Question 22

Flagellum

Answer 22

microtubule arrangement used for movement attached to the end of the cell

Question 23

Cell Wall Barriers

Answer 23

semi permeable - gets waste out and lets certain things in
selective - chooses what gets in
gated/regulated
site for integral and peripheral proteins

Question 24

Fluid Mosaic Model

Answer 24

phospholipid bilayer

Question 25

Integral Membrane Proteins

Answer 25

intergrins anchor due to hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions anchors for cytoskeleton to pull things into cell

Question 26

Junctions

Answer 26

cell to cell adhesion and communication of cells | has desmosomes and they are critical for when cells attach to other cells

Question 27

Peripheral Proteins

Answer 27

associated with membrane and not embedded into the membrane usually attached to integral proteins

Question 28

Rate of Diffusion

Answer 28

molecules moving through a high concentration to a low concentration of solutes

Question 29

Osmosis

Answer 29

diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane | it is passive transport (no energy)

Question 30

Hypertonic Solution

Answer 30

shrinked cell because water is leaving the cell due to the high concentration of solutes outside the cell

Question 31

Hypotonic Solution

Answer 31

swollen cell because water is entering the cell due to the high concentration of solutes inside the cell

Question 32

Isotonic Solution

Answer 32

equal amount of water entering and leaving the cell

Question 33

Channel Proteins

Answer 33

provide hydrophilic pores through hydrophobic barrier passive and reversible (no energy) ex: inside the cell alot of K and very little Na is present if channel opens then the Na naturally will go inside the cell

Question 34

Carrier/Transport Proteins

Answer 34

substrate binds to proteins passive and reversible (no energy) mediators for facilitate diffusion

Question 35

Active Transport

Answer 35

energy to move solute against concentration gradient (direct use of ATP)

Question 36

Uniporter

Answer 36

type of active transport it is a glucose transporter transports a single type of molecule by adding energy to pump proton out of the cell

Question 37

Coupled Transport

Answer 37

antiporter (ex: Sodium Pottasium Pump) | symporter ex: Sodium and a coupled glucose transporter) they go in the same direction

Question 38

Phagocytosis

Answer 38

food vacuole / brings food into the cell

Question 39

Pinocytosis

Answer 39

liquid vacuole / brings waste into the cell

Question 40

Exocytosis

Answer 40

allows things to exit the cell